Evaluating the Use of Al-Ain University Library in Abu Dhabi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1482 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Evaluating the Use of Al-Ain University Library in Abu Dhabi and its services: Introduction The purpose of the institution of higher education library is to prop up the educational programmes of the academia by on condition that significant information so as to take action to the mounting information burden of the users who encompass the apprentices and the academic personnel of the university. The new Century pretenses fundamental confronts to the university libraries that the on the whole functions and services are prejudiced frequently. This is in stroke with the estimation that many problems influence the way services are make available in the library on a customary base. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluating the Use of Al-Ain University Library in Abu Dhabi" essay for you Create order These challenges consistently stipulate that assessment of university libraries servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ remnants worthwhile. Unvarying appraisal of the university libraries utilize is the confident method to make certain that information is attained so as to determine whether the library is congregation its predictable objective, so that modification should be made where essential for effectual information service deliverance. In conjunction with this, the rationale of valuation, as confirmed by different scientists is to congregate information on how the library is completing its goals with an observation to increasing the deliverance of library services. In the luminosity of this therefore, requirement for this study becomes very important. It has been converted into maneuver to determine the degree to which the students of Al Ain University are exploiting the resources in their institution of higher education library. Determine the Purpose of the study The foremost rationale of this study is to estimate the utilization of library possessions and services by students of Al Ain University. Particularly, the study is located out to: Determine the occurrence of the utilization of library by the students of the university. Discover out the ease of use/satisfactoriness of the library possessions. Figure out the convenience of the library possessions. Find out userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ echelon of fulfillment with the offers provided. Find out the limitation to effectual exercise of library assets by the students. Recommend realistic ways to perk up use of the library by the students of the University. Research Questions The subsequent research questions were pretense to conduct this study: How numerous do the subscribers of Al Ain University utilize the University Library? To what degree are materials accessible or sufficient in the University Library? To what degree are the materials in the University Library available? To what level are the subscriber or users pleased with the offerings and amenities endow with? What are the limitations to effectual exploit of library possessions by the students of the University? In how many ways can the utilization of the library be enhanced in the students of the University? Determine data gathering and analysis techniques Research type was descriptive and causal as well. This is designed to depict the characteristics of library users and library services and find out the impact of applications of facilities on studies. Study followed deductive approach. It started with ample studies and literature review. Then it formalized to concept of Library offerings, system of to issue material and impact on students of university. From the findings in literature review questionnaire was designed. We collected data from the questionnaire and interviews based on the previous research work. Results will be analyzed from the data according to questionnaire. Research investigated with casual and correlation ways such as: the subscriber or users pleased with the offerings and amenities endow with and utilization of the library and enhancement in the knowledge of students of the University? Study setting based on non-contrived method. All data collected from Al Ain university library students in natural environment to see the relationship between use of students and library system. As data was gathered once, so it was cross-sectional study or one shot study. Close ended form of questionnaire selected because respondents find it interesting and easy to choose the options instead of giving random answers and additional comments. In other words, respondents come across with marked out categories in a closed question. As data was gathered once, so it was cross-sectional study or one shot study. This is a case study. The populace is 2500 recorded library exploiters, of which 200 people were chosen, by means of a in proportion stratified sampling technique. The most important mechanism for information compilation was a questionnaire. The survey was succinct and prearranged. Respondents were given moment in time and opportunity to absolute the questionnaire in the records. 200 response of the questionnaire were appropriately accomplished and come back. Throughout examination, frequencies were calculated from the rejoinder to the questions and transformed to percentages as obtainable and analyzed as follows. Data Presentation and Analysis Table 1 Allocation of users by position 154 (77%) of answers from the group of students, while 46 (23%) were employees. Students comprise the greater part in the university group of people. Regularity of the Use of Library Table 2: classification of Questionnaires by their regularity of utilizing of Library services A greater part of survey analysis, 74 (37%) worn the library in first slot, whereas 76 (38%) fall in second category which represent once in a week. Only 13 (7%) used the library once a month. Motives for Using the Library Table 3: Allocation by motives for means of using the Library 50 (25%) draw closer to the library to comprehend library books, 70 (35%) utilize the library offerings to refer the materials, 45 (23%) use for cours e group project and 20 (10%) to have access to library manuscript. Only 4 (3%) approached to exercise the library for all mentioned above motives, whereas another aspect of motive is to read library materials especially books and check with mention materials in which 25 percent people fall. Analysis Materials worn out Most Table 4: Allocations by evaluation and assessment Materials worn most users Reading Books report for the majority library stay, with 98 (49%), orientation resources consist of 23 (11%), journalists/publication 17(8%), periodical/directories 27 (13%) and assignment information 12(6%). Accessibility of Material Table 6: Usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer on ease of use of evaluation Materials Result and discussion of Findings Mutually the students and the employees utilize the library resources, even though students comprise the preponderance. The majority surveys response exploit the library two to three times a week or every day, an excell ent suggestion of library draw on. A lot of motives were highly developed by means ofusing library. The prime numeral of respondents moves towards to read books from the compilation, while on second priority approached to confer with resource materials. This shows that possessions are being utilized, even though many students move toward the library to do lessons coursework. Textbooks are the a large amount frequently-used resources with 98 , pursue by indication materials Nearly three quarters of users designate that they go straight to the defer to situate material, and 18 ask the library staff. That may give details why users depend more on library staff than on the certificate catalogue in locating reading resources. While this admirable, users should be trained to employ the catalogue. Half of users rated library resources and amenities as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , on second category it is rated them à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“good,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  very low give consent as à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã…“very good.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Recommendation and conclusion: In this experiential study, the authors were twisted on assessing the use of library by the students of Al Ain University. Facts and figures were drawing out from them on a lot of aspects of areas of utilization of library. Scrutinize were the occurrence of the use of the library, the degree to which resources are accessible and sufficient in the library, the degree to which the possessions are accessible in the library, usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contentment with the services and amenities provided, tribulations affecting effectual use of the library by the students, and conduct of humanizing the use of the library by students. In the light of the findings of the investigations, it is to make the following recommendations: The tradition of using the Library should be in collated into students from side to side avenues such as systematize library presentation, library display, library direction, and addition o f use of library as a course in the Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prospectus so as to pull towards you students to the Library. The library compilation has to be improved to make certain that there is sufficient and impartial collection shimmering the concentration of all the departments. Organization and arrangement of the library compilation through cataloguing, categorization and indexing should be taken dangerously in organize to make possible right of entry and recovery to the resources. The Library Management should board on activities that would augment usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction because if users are satisfied, their benefaction will be protected and the occurrence of benefaction will also be augmented. Electronic/online library services have to be improved and users should be confident to use them. The Library should be making available with substitute means of authority supply in case to foresee power failure; standby power-generating sets should be made obtainable to the Library to take care of this. Services in the Library have to be computerized so that usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ information requirements could be responded to punctually and without stoppage.

Descartes Debate On Dualism - 944 Words

Descartes’ debate for dualism is called the divisibility argument, where he believes the mind cannot be divided while the body can and, as a result, the mind and body are distinct. But is this really true? I have evaluated Descartes’ reasons for believing in the divisibility of the body and the indivisibility of the mind from Descartes Meditations. I argue that Descartes argument does not work as he is trying to make science and church compatible and the existence of instances where the mind can be divided. The argument is introduced in Descartes’ sixth meditation when he states, â€Å"I am unable to distinguish any parts within myself.† (59) In this statement the philosopher proposes his belief of the incapability of the mind being divided.†¦show more content†¦Another way of addressing the body as divisible, is the visible fact that the body can be physically divided every time. As a result, Descartes believes the mind cannot extend like the bo dy. Descartes uses a result that was made in the second meditation, â€Å"But what kind of a thing? As I have just said – a thinking thing,† (18) to make the claim in the sixth meditation, â€Å"For when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (59) and as a result the mind, according to Descartes, is not identical with the body. Conscious, is another basis for Descartes’ argument. Consciousness is presented in the second meditation where Descartes states the mind is a thinking thing. He can conclude that the mind has a conscience while the physical body doesn’t have a conscience so again, the mind and body are not identical. After reviewing Descartes’ divisibility argument, I found instances where I would disagree in Descartes’ statements. Descartes thinks the mind remains active when the body decays from a dead body since the mind is separate from the body because of its indivisibility. By Des cartes stating this, he is saying the mind cannot be known by science while the body can. Since the mind can’t, this provides a place for freewill, faith, and possibly survival of the dead body. As a result, making science and religion compatible. During this time the church is siding with the philosopher, Aristotle, because his philosophies

Strategic External Environmental Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Strategic External Environmental Analysis. Answer: Introduction The Australian aviation industry has a long background and is currently operating all over the world besides Australia. The aviation industry in Australia has gained importance because of the country being on an island and a having a thriving economy. It consists of sub-segments like gliding, hand gliding and autogyros. The Australian aviation industry has experienced the transferring of all the major airports from being Commonwealth-owned to privately owned into long term leases, regulatory changes and service restructuring. The Australian airlines carry international cargoes and passengers all across the world. Being an island country most of the visitors come by air. There are separate domestic and regional services in the region and the best aircrafts link the main cities and ports (Bamber 2015). External Environment Analysis The analyzing of the external environment of the Australian industry is crucial to the industrys survival and understanding the trends and practices existing in it. The industry has seen difficulties, and is even sensitive to law, economic situation and social factors that has influenced the airline industry despite the growth in popularity and passenger numbers. The external factors that can continue to influence the industry in future also are discussed below: Political factors The airline industry had seen a significant change in the operation processes after the 9/11 incident. After the incident, the travelling to other countries decreased significantly due to the uncertainty in safety and security. Additionally, the visa policy and border control became strict that caused the travelers inconvenience and decreased the travelling figures. The industry has coped up considerably with the political situation and has favored the passengers over the airlines. The industry had inclined towards a more monopolistic approach previously, and with a decrease in that has come increased competition and strict regulations for passengers. The passengers would be having a favorable position because of which they can push for lower prices and better amenities. Governments all over the world are investing in expanding the airports and building new ones to encourage travelling and handle a larger number of passengers. Economic factors The airline industry has always been highly dependent on the economic situation. The economic instability in the form of extended recession, oil price fluctuations and global slowdown has acted as debilitating factors, but has also given rise to low cost airlines. These kind of economic slowdowns have enlightened the airline industry on ways to survive difficult economic conditions and become more productive by reducing costs (Grant 2016). Social factors Globally, travelling on holidays and vacations are becoming a trend as more and more tourist spots are coming up and travel companies are providing exclusive holiday packages. In addition, the income of the middle class is growing and along with it the air travelling costs are decreasing, making travelling by air more affordable. As a result, tourism is turning into an effectively potential customer market. Globalization also has the capability to expand businesses across borders, making it easier for CEOs and business managers to travel and meet with prospective clients. This trend has the probability to increase further with time. The maiden age of travelers is going up, which means that older people are becoming more inclined towards air travelling because of different reasons (Ancell 2016). Technological factors Technology has a widespread impact on all industries, which includes the airline industry also. The use of internet is increasing, and customers are getting the chance to conveniently purchase tickets from the comfort of their homes. Moreover, the ability and access of airlines are on an increase as passengers can get the latest update about fares and times. Airlines are increasing their usage of technology that has the potential to facilitate better interaction with customers. Legal factors Countries are with time introducing different rules, legislations and quality standards to guarantee safety and security of passengers. Airline companies are making it compulsory to follow these rules and conducts while travelling to other countries. It can increase the costs of air travelling as many standards and service levels have to be maintained. In addition, it would become difficult for new airlines to obtain an operating license in certain countries because of the new restrictions and requirements. There is a high chance that lawsuits would increase against airlines as customer expectations would increase and the laws are becoming severe against the airlines. It would become a bigger challenge for the airline companies. Environmental factors With the increase in environmental issues, customers are becoming more aware and concerned about safety. Airline industry contributes almost 4% to the climate change that would be growing significantly in future (Eurocontrol.int 2017). As a result, customers would become more aware and prefer eco-friendly options for travelling by air. Airlines are planning to develop corporate social responsibility programs in an attempt to address this issue and properly deal with it. All eyes would remain on the airlines in future to see what they are doing to deal with this issue. Currently many companies are trying to introduce environment friendly airplanes in the industry. Bio fuel usage tests by eco-friendly airplanes have been successful and are being appreciated by many organizations for their attempt to work towards environment protection. Demographic factors Demographic factors are important for the airline industry as it helps in conducting business with the help of a comparatively luxurious but reasonably priced service. The demographics also helps in forecasting demand for services and understand customer expectations. The Australian populations is growing, and at the same time its aging. The major parts of the population are youngsters and they are the group that influences the spending patterns of the country. As the number of baby-boomers retiring is increasing, the consumer group that would consume more is growing. It can be easily understood that the millennial generation would define the future of the travelling and airline industry (Lucarelli 2014). Industry environment The Australian airlines industry has experienced turbulent trading conditions in the last few years. However, the industry is expected to increase its revenue level through 2016-17 at an annualized 0.4% over the five years. The anticipated growth is of 2.2% in the current year. The depreciating Australian dollar has been assisting the broader tourism sector over the period and has helped in the growth of the economy (Ibisworld.com.au 2017). The Australian airline industry is moderately concentrated, even with the introduction of budget carriers. The traditional low cost airlines have provided the challenge for a long time. The high-end players differentiate their products in terms of service quality, which would make it difficult for them to abandon all that for competing with the low-cost alternatives. In addition, the largest players own majority of the aircrafts, leading to high exit barriers (Homsombat, Lei and Fu 2014). The profitability territory of the airline industry is expected to bring in a net profit of $29.8 billion in 2017. It is expected to be in its eighth year of aggregate airline profitability, which is illustrative of its resilience of industry structure to external shocks (Iata.org 2017). The airline industry is growing and along with it is the competitiveness in the international market. Industry researches have shown that competition in Australia's worldwide aircraft industry will keep on being tempered by the bilateral air service assertions unless there are fruitful multilateral moves towards a more liberal administration over the more extended term. Thus, Qantas is adequately ensured a noteworthy part in its global markets, despite the fact that the power of competition with Qantas changes amongst business sectors and could grow if new Australian banner bearers access Qantas routes (Aph.gov.au 2017). Conclusion: The airline industry experiences success factors in the form of its people, products and services, route systems, revenue and so on. The people and performance division always supports and receives the same kind of support from other business divisions. The recruitment also keeps in mind to include people who can provide superior in-flight customer services. Moreover, product developments, in-flight developments and aircraft developments are repeatedly taken care of (Wu and Liao 2014). References Ancell, D., 2016.Clipped Wings: Corporate social and environmental responsibility in the airline industry. Routledge. Aph.gov.au. 2017. Australian Airline Industry Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10 [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Bamber, G.J., 2015. Low-cost airlines product and labor market strategic choices: Australian perspectives.Members-only Library. Eurocontrol.int. 2017. Environmental issues for aviation | Eurocontrol. [online] Available at: https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/environmental-issues-aviation [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z. and Fu, X., 2014. Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,63, pp.1-16. Iata.org. 2017. IATA -Another Strong Year for Airline Profits in 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2016-12-08-01.aspx [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Ibisworld.com.au. 2017. Domestic Airlines in Australia Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=472 [Accessed 3 Jan. 2017]. Lucarelli, G., 2014. The corporate strategy of Qantas Airways. A case study. Wu, W.Y. and Liao, Y.K., 2014. A balanced scorecard envelopment approach to assess airlines' performance.Industrial Management Data Systems,114(1), pp.123-143.

Nine Tomorrows Essays - Isaac Asimov, All The Troubles Of The World

Nine Tomorrows Will computers control humans in the future? People always tend to seek the easy way out looking for something that would make their lives easier. Machines and tools have given us the ability to do more in less time giving us, at the same time, more comfort. As the technology advances, computers become faster and more powerful. These new machines are enabling us to do more in less time making our lives easier. The increased use of computers in the future, however, might have negative results and impact on our lives. In the novel Nine Tomorrows Isaac Asimov often criticizes our reliance on computers by portraying a futuristic world where computers control humans. One of the images which Asimov describes in the book is that humans might become too dependent on computers. In one of the stories, Profession, Asimov writes about people being educated by computer programs designed to educate effortlessly a person. According to the Profession story people would no longer read books to learn and improve their knowledge. People would rely on the computers rather than "try to memorize enough to match someone else who knows" (Nine Tomorrows, Profession 55). People would not chose to study, they would only want to be educated by computer tapes. Putting in knowledge would take less time than reading books and memorizing something that would take almost no time using a computer in the futuristic world that Asimov describes. Humans might began to rely on computers and allow them to control themselves by letting computers educate people. Computers would start teaching humans what computers tell them without having any choice of creativity. Computer ould start to control humans' lives and make humans become too dependent on the computers. Another point that is criticized by Asimov is the fact that people might take their knowledge for granted allowing computers to take over and control their lives. In a story called The Feeling of Power, Asimov portrays how people started using computers to do even simple mathematical calculations. Over a long period of time people became so reliable on computers that they forgot the simplest multiplication and division rules. If someone wanted to calculate an answer they would simply use their pocket computer to do that (The Feeling of Power 77). People became too independent from the start making them forget what they have learned in the past. People in the story The Feeling of Power would take for granted what they have learned over centuries of learning and chose computers because of their ability to do their work faster. The lack of manual mathematics, which people chose to forget in the story, caused computers to be the ones to solve simple mathematics problems for the p le taking control of the humans by doing the work for them (The Feeling of Power 81-82). The reliance of computers went to such an extent that even Humans began to use computers in all fields of study and work allowing computers to control their lives by taking over and doing everything for them. According to another story in the book, Asimov also describes how computers would be able to predict probabilities of an event, future. In the story All the Troubles of the World one big computer predicted crime before it even happened, allowing the police to take the person who was going to commit the crime and release him/her after the danger has passed (All The Troubles of The World 144-145). This computer, called Multivac, controlled humans by telling the authorities about who was going to commit a crime causing someone to be imprisoned until the danger has passed. It was the computer that made the decision of someone's freedom or imprisonment and that controlled others to arrest a person it suspected of committing a crime controlling his/her destiny. The decision of imprisoning someone for a crime a person did not commit was all in the hands of a computer. It was the computer that controlled humans and their destiny and controlling other humans who believed in everything that computer told them. Multivac could not only predict the future but it also could answer many questions that would normally embarrass people if they would have to ask someone else about it. Multivac could access its vast database of trillions of pieces of knowledge and find the best solution for one's problem (All The Troubles of The World 153). All the people believed that Multivac knows the best and allowed a computer to control their lives by following the solutions Multivac had given them

Battles of the Revolutionary W essays

Battles of the Revolutionary W essays The book that I chose to review for Early U.S. History was Battles of the Revolutionary War: 1775 1781 by W. J. Wood. This book is an analysis of numerous important battles fought in America's war for independence. In theAuthor's Introduction? section of the book, Wood states his main objective in writing Battles of the Revolutionary War: 1775 1781. He explains that his purpose is to refute the common belief that battles in the American Revolutionary War areof questionable worth for military historians and their readers because they areall of a piece? too much alike.? (Wood xix) Wood disagrees with this view of the war and has attempted to give examples of battles that he has deemedunique? and that should be studied in military history. Wood does not limit his descriptions of the major battles to simple tactical analysis, however. In addition to tactical evaluation, he also seeks to paint a portrait of each battle and its respective conditions and participants. Some major points that Wood emphasizes in his writing are the effect of the rifle on Revolutionary War tactics, the hindrance that British soldiers faced due to their bulky uniforms, and the strengths and weaknesses of important military commanders such as George Washington and Benedict Arnold. In addition to painting a picture of each battle, W. J. Wood also adds a variety of visual aids to further assist the reader. The various maps and diagrams that are included within the text are enormously helpful in allowing the reader to understand the unique land features of each battle, the placement of troops, and also the overall regional theater through maps of the entire region. Wood has also added sixteen pages of artwork illustrating relevant battle scenes and portraits of various military commanders. The majority of the book Battles of the Revolutionary War: 1775 1781 is, of course, spent detailing the ten battles that Wood has chosen to describe. These ten battles...

Wormholes and Space Travel

Wormholes and Space Travel Space travel through wormholes sounds like quite an interesting idea. Who wouldnt like to have the technology to hop in a ship, find the nearest wormhole and travel to distant places in a short time? It would make space travel so easy!   Of course, the idea pops up in science-fiction movies and books all the time. These tunnels in space-time supposedly allow characters to move through space and time in a heartbeat, and the characters dont have to worry about physics. Are wormholes real?   Or are they only literary devices to keep science-fiction plots moving along. If they do exist, whats the scientific explanation behind them? The answer could be a little of each. However, they are a direct consequence of general relativity, the theory first developed by Albert Einstein early in the 20th century. However, that doesnt necessarily mean that they exist or that people can travel through them in spaceships. To understand why theyre even an idea for space travel, its important to know a little about the science that might explain them. What are Wormholes? A wormhole is supposed to be a way to transit through space-time that connects two distant points in space. Some examples from popular fiction and movies include the movie Interstellar, where the characters used wormholes as portals to distant parts of the galaxy. However, there is no observational evidence that they exist and theres no empirical proof that they arent out there somewhere.   The trick is to find them and then figure out how they work.   One way for a stable wormhole to exist is for it to be created and supported by some kind of exotic material. Easily said, but whats exotic material? What special property does it need to have to make wormholes? Theoretically speaking, such wormhole stuff   has to have negative mass. Thats just what it sounds like: matter that has a negative value, rather than regular matter, which has a positive value. Its also something scientists have never seen. Now, it is possible for wormholes to spontaneously pop into existence using this exotic matter. But, theres another problem. There would be nothing to support them, so they would instantaneously collapse back in on themselves. Not so great for any ship that happens to be passing through at the time.   Black Holes and Wormholes So, if spontaneous wormholes arent workable, is there another way to create them? Theoretically yes, and we have black holes to thank for that. They are involved in a phenomenon known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge. Its essentially a wormhole created due to the immense warping of space-time by the effects of a black hole. Specifically, it has to be a Schwarzschild black hole, one that has a static (unchanging) amount of mass, doesnt rotate, and has no electrical charge. So, how would that work? Essentially as light falls into the black hole, it would pass through a wormhole and escape out the other side, through an object known as a white hole. A white hole is similar to a black hole but instead of sucking material in, it repels material away. Light would be accelerated away from a white holes   exit portal at, well, the  speed of light, making it a bright object, hence the term white hole.   Of course, reality bites here: it would be impractical to even attempt to pass through the wormhole to begin with. Thats because the passage would require falling into a black hole, which is a remarkably lethal experience. Anything passing the event horizon would be stretched and crushed, which includes living beings. To put it simply, there is no way to survive such a trip. The Kerr Singularity and Traversable Wormholes There is yet another situation in which a wormhole might arise, from something called a Kerr black hole. It would look quite different than a normal point singularity that is what astronomers think make up black holes. A Kerr black hole would orient itself in a ring formation, effectively balancing the immense gravitational force with the rotational inertia of the singularity. Since the black hole is empty in the middle it could be possible to pass through that point. The warping of space-time in the middle of the ring could act as a wormhole, allowing travelers to pass through to another point in space. Perhaps on the far side of the universe, or in a different universe all together. Kerr singularities have a distinct advantage over other proposed wormholes as they dont require the existence and use of exotic negative mass in order to keep them stable. However, they havent yet been observed, only theorized.   Could We Someday Use Wormholes? Putting aside the technical aspects of wormhole mechanics, there are also some hard physical truths about these objects. Even if they do exist, it is difficult to say if people could ever learn to manipulate them. Plus, humanity really doesnt even have starships yet, so figuring out ways to use wormholes to travel is really putting the cart before the horse.   There is also the obvious question of safety. At this point,  no one knows exactly what to expect inside a wormhole. Nor do we know exactly WHERE a wormhole could send a ship. It could be in our own galaxy, or perhaps somewhere else in the very distant universe. Also, heres something to chew on.   If a wormhole took a ship from our galaxy to another one billions of light-years away, theres a whole question of time to consider. Does the wormhole transport instantaneously? If so, WHEN do we arrive in the distant shore? Does the trip ignore the expansion of space-time?   So while it may certainly be possible for wormholes to exist and function as portals across the universe, it is considerably less likely that people will ever be able to find a way to use them. The physics just dont work out. Yet.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 31

Journal - Essay Example More often than not I feel depressed over my under achievement of tragic events that have taken lace in my life. This leads to some form of stress. I was a little bit surprised by the Perceived stress scale that was able to help me understand how a different situation affected my feelings and my perceived stress. My PSS score was 4. From the PSS scale, the scores that ranged room 0-13 indicate that I have low stress levels. I was also surprised by the frequency of the symptoms of stress that I experienced over the years. Top of my list was irritability, boredom. These are symptoms that I would experience quite frequently. Other symptoms that I experienced was anxiety, eating too much difficulty in sleeping, headache, restlessness and constipation. However this was not on a regular basis. The results I established from the Inventory of Collage Students’ Recent Life Experiences also took me by surprise as I was able to determine my exposure to different source of stress . I able to determine the intensity of those stressors and to get an overall score of 82. I was also able to determine which type of hassle played a greater part of my life. Hassle like Too many things to do at once, Struggling to meet your own academic standards, Not enough time to meet your obligations and financial burdens greatly impacted my life. These were the things that I had to look into more deeply so that I could manage my stress levels. The student stress scale also made me understand how each life event and the amount of readjustment that resulted to change. A major life event that I underwent is the death of a close family member. This made me stressed for quite a long time. My total score was 102. From the scale, it indicates that I have a 30 percent chance of serious health chang e. The ability to handle my personal problems, the ability not to cope with all things that I have to do. I also want to be able to handle my upsets because things

Personal Development Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Development Planning - Coursework Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that personal development plan, according to Jackson, is â€Å"a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and career development†. Almost all rational persons, belonging to divergent ethnic-racial, regional and religious groups and communities, and belonging to different socioeconomic statuses as well as both the genders, draw out some plans in the light of their educational background, technical skills, professional experience and proficiencies, and resources, which turn out to be supportive in respect of determining their goals and making struggle in order to obtain the same. Like all other students, professionals and business personnel, I have also established my personal development plan, which would serve as a guiding star in respect of exercising my abilities towards a specific direction. My areas of interest, strengths, and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and action plan have been discussed in the following lines: I have developed keen aptitude in understanding the physical and social phenomena existing all around. For this, I have studied biological and social sciences, philosophy, literature, and law in order to obtain knowledge about the realities of universal explored by the scientists, philosophers, intellectuals, and writers by dint of their hard efforts in divergent fields and disciplines. I have studied the works of distinguished ancient Greek philosopher-scientist Aristotle, renowned ancient playwright Sophocles, medieval era Italian mathematician, biologist, physicist and astrologist Leonardo da Vinci, works produced by English authors including Shakespeare, Milton, Keats, Bronte, Virginia Woolf and others, evolution theory of nineteenth-century biologist Charles Darwin and psychoanalytic theory articulated by Sigmund Freud. Moreover, the philosophies of twenti eth century great thinkers including Sir Bertrand Russell and Khalil Gibran have also captured my attention. In addition, the tremendous achievements made by contemporary era business tycoons including Sir Richard Branson and Bill Gates in the areas of IT and communications have also fascinated me to a great extent.

Religious Free

Religious Freedom in Colonial America Essay Religious freedom was the driving force that led the first settlers that arrived on America’s shores in the 1500’s. They wanted to be free from the religious intolerance and forget the past. They were greeted by something that they couldn’t have expected in their wildest dreams, people living there already, and people that had lived on the land for centuries before. These Native Americans were not ready to assimilate and saw these settlers as gods, and began to worship them. The settlers believed that the natives were inferior to them due to their lack of technology, economy, and anything beyond a simple form of government. They used this to their advantage when they exploited the natives by trading unfairly. As the 1500’s moved into he 1600’s the natives communicated with the settlers more. The settlers considered the natives to be the inferior people, due to lack of technology and the fact that they didn’t realize that they were getting cheated with every trade. The Native Americans even sold off their land without realizing that the land had changed hands. This action caused the settlers to believe that the natives lacked the intelligence necessary to speak to the settlers. The language gap was the cause for this, even of the settlers didn’t see it. The settlers and natives are equal in my opinion, despite the settlers’ thoughts that they were inferior. Although the settlers could and did easily win on the battlefield, the natives had a strong connection to nature and knew the surroundings. The Native Americans also had an entirely different culture and religion than the settlers; they were earthy and at peace with nature while the settlers were just trying to grab gold with their greedy fingers. The fact that they couldn’t communicate did not make one any more intelligent than the next; it just meant that there was a language gap that proved to be too big to cross. Because the settlers considered themselves superior, and the natives looked at the settlers as if they were gods, the natives were taken advantage of. The settlers saw it as okay due to their superiority, this idea is similar to one called Social Darwinism because it has the settlers believing they are better than the next group (the natives) even if they didn’t consider themselves more evolved. To give an example that fueled the settlers’ beliefs of superiority, the natives were taken advantage of again, but this time on a larger scale. The settlers bought Manhattan from the Native Americans, but they were unaware of it at the time. Manhattan was given to the settlers for the small price of $24. The treatment of the Native Americans was unfair. The settlers simply believed that due to their superiority they could simply take advantage of the natives. This was wrong because the Native Americans were so culturally advanced. The natives only trusted them so much because they were people like they had never seen before and were looked at as if they were gods. The settlers took away the natives material items, as well as large parts of their culture. It is sad because the settlers just couldn’t see how brilliant the Native Americans really were.

Mrs. Whipples Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porters He :: Katharine Anne Porter He Essays

Mrs. Whipple's Mistreatment of Her Son in Katherine Anne Porter's He The prevailing theme in Katherine Anne Porter's story "He" is Mrs. Whipple's concern over appearances and particularly how her neighbors perceive her actions concerning her retarded son. Many critics have written about Porter's emphasis on appearances in this story. However, what lies under the surface of the story is also interesting. Contrary to both her actions and spoken words, it is clear Mrs. Whipple inwardly feels her retarded son is an animal and that she secretly wishes for his death. The story "He" is similar to another story of Katherine Anne Porter's titled "The Downward Path to Wisdom." Both stories depict children who are retarded, who are equated to animals by one or both of the parents, and who are wished dead or never born (Weisenforth 359). The title of the story "He" provides the reader with the first clue that the retarded son is de-humanized. Throughout the story the other two of Mrs. Whipple's children, Emly and Adna, are given names and are referred to by their given names. This is not true of the retarded son. Not once in the story is He called by his given name. In fact, the reader never learns his given name. The failure to give the retarded son a name is similar to the farm practice of giving names to pets but not to the ever-present farm animals. People generally do not name animals they plan on killing. Because Emly and Adna have names, they appear to the reader to be more human. In contrast, the failure to name the retarded son makes him appear more animal-like or less than human. Another example of animal treatment takes place during family meals. The retarded son does not eat his meals at the table with his family. In a description of the retarded son, Porter writes "He didn't whine for food, as the other children did, but waited until it was given Him; He ate squatting in the corner, smacking and mumbling" (597). When Mrs. Whipple's brother comes for a visit, Porter writes "He wouldn't come into the dining room, and Mrs. Whipple passed it off very well" (599). For appearances sake "Mrs. Whipple loaded up a big plate for Him first, before everybody"(Porter 599). The parallels to how people treat their dogs can not be overlooked. It is common practice for dog owners to train their dogs not to beg or whine for food.

Tourism in Lesotho

It is called the Kingdom in the sky. Where you can touch the clouds and be as one with nature. The mountains of Lesotho provides serenity, a rejuvenation of the mind, a revitalizing of the spirit things which cannot be described but can only be experienced. And it is too true that if you have not been to the mountains, you have not been to Lesotho. The sheer majesty of the peaks as they kiss the clouds leaves one breathless, the cascading rivers flowing from on high bringing forth life giving, nature’s best, fresh clean crystal clear water. It is as if you have crossed into another realm. This natural tourist paradise is begging to be marketed to draw people from all over the world for the benefit of Basotho people. The mountains are but one of the many tourist attractions Lesotho is endowed with. Added to them are the falls the historical monuments which have enriched the folklore of the country for many years. All these places have potential to generate income especially during the 2010 soccer world cup if well marketed, making big strides towards the achievement of the national vision 2020. Promoting tourism in Lesotho is a sure fire way to social and economic development, and to the attraction of much needed foreign investment. Lesotho is really a wonderland for nature lovers or those who simply appreciate the wonders of nature. It has a real culture, natural history and boundless ecotourism options. Overview of Lesotho as tourist destination â€Å"Kingdom in the sky†, also known as â€Å"Friendly mountain Kingdom†. This popular eco destination is characterized by its remote, rugged mountains and deep valleys, with plummeting waterfalls that form a spectacular frozen stalactite in the winter months. Lesotho is truly idyllic destination. A mere four hours drive from Johannesburg or Durban is a place where the sun shines three hundred days a year. This country has the lowest point that is one thousand meters above sea level and boasts the highest single drop in Southern Africa. It has the highest road pass in Southern Africa at 3275 meters and is one of the few countries in the world that is completely land locked. Lesotho’s two main mountain ranges are the Snow-capped Maloti and Drakensbug ranges. The capital, Maseru, is the only city in Lesotho. However there are also several large towns in each of its ten districts. The ever-friendly Basotho people are eager to share their culture with tourists. The serene simplicity of their highlands life is enviable. This indeed is a country where time stands still. For the people of the world, the natural and cultural features that are of outstanding universal importance and value include the unique mountain wet lands and alpine tundra eco systems, the superlative natural beauty and the distinctive array of both plants and animals. In addition, the natural setting provides a glimpse into a way of life of the San who once lived there, documenting their lives and spirituality in over 40 thousand rock art images in almost 600 sites. Liphofung (place of Clarence) Situated just off the main road from Butha-Buthe to Mokhotlong, Liphofung (place of Clarence), was a stop over for Moshoeshoe I the founder of the Basotho Nation on his way from Menkhoaneng to Thaba-Busiu. The place is now famous for its museum and one of the largest galleries in the world which has the art of the first habitats of Lesotho, the San (Bush men) who lived there over 10 000 years ago. Some of the rock paintings Close by, with a height of 3482m (11 424 ft), is Thabana-Ntlenyana, which literally means ‘Beautiful Little Black Mountain’. It is the highest point in Lesotho and the highest mountain in Africa South of Kilimanjaro. It is found in Mokhotlong district, 15km (approximately 1. 5 hrs. drive) from the top of Sani Pass and it is to the top of Kotisephola Pass, 3250m. It is famous for its unpredictable atmospheric weather, veering from thunderstorms, very low temperatures to scorching suns or siege by mysterious mists which make it more unforgettable. These mountains are best experienced from within Lesotho. Historically it is here in these mountains where Basotho fled from the Zulu King Shaka, in the 19th century. The mountains became their fortress and protection. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is filled with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and cascading streams meandering between the rocks. A combination of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty giving a sense of remoteness in spring and summer, but a virginal white in winter. There is a friendly highest pub in Africa called Sani Top Chalet at 2874m above sea level. The route to Thabana-Ntlenyana is filled with formidable twists and turns of the sheer craggy mountains, majestic valleys and cascading streams meandering between the rocks. Combination of all these is a definition of a true scenic beauty. The plateau landscape is simply beautiful with awesome vegetation, open yellow plains and a distinct sense of remoteness , more especially during spring and summer seasons, but a virginal white in winter. Visible along the route are small stone build huts ( called Metebo in Sesotho) which are in isolation, deep into the mountains, in which rural Basotho shepherds live while looking after their cattle and sheep. There are many view points where tourists can stop to observe this remarkable beauty. This arduous trek to Thabana-Ntlenyana can be undertaken on a horseback or alternatively a 4WD vehicle. Thabana-Ntlenyana is also preferred for skiing, ice skating and snowboarding during winter season, which is from May to August. Near this mountain are the headwaters of the Tugela and Senqu (Orange) rivers, where fly fishing and water rafting are possible during summer season. Hiking, rock climbing and pony trekking are enjoyed throughout the year. Mornings here are such heart-warming with different kinds of birds with beautiful music to prepare you to the day ahead. It is with no doubt that a day is just not enough for one to be at this place because of the many activities provided here. Among the most interesting activities provided, here is ‘walking’ which really offers an ideal way in which to explore the fascinating archaeological sites found in this area. Afri-Ski The novelty of snow in Africa is best experienced at Afri-Ski which caters for skiing in winter. With a ski slope 3222m above sea level, Afri-Ski is the largest skiing resort in Africa. The skiers are accommodated at the New Oxbow Lodge and self catering Mahlasela Lodge. Trout fishing and water rafting take place in summer in Maliba-Mats`o, a river just a couple kilometers from Oxbow Lodge. Pony Trekking is another activity in summer. Letseng Diamond mine It is not just a diamond mine!. It is the world’s highest altitude mine with 3 kilometres above sea level, experiencing -20 degrees Celsius in winter . It is in this mine where the highest proportions of largest stones of any mine in the world are found. The discoveries states that in 1967 a 601 carat stone was discovered and a 215 carat stone was recovered in 2005. In August 2006, a 603 carat stone was discovered being â€Å"the 15th largest rough diamond ever discovered, and the biggest diamond un covered in this century† . Letseng does not only play a significant role in the economy of Lesotho as a mine but also as a tourist destination as it accommodates tourists who want to have a feel of the ‘Mine in the sky’ as it were. This is enhanced by the close proximity of â€Å"The Khubelu Hot spring. † The hot spring is at close range to Letseng Diamond mine, sharing social backgrounds and other aspects encompassed in Mental, Physical and Spiritual building of a living being. Khatse Dam This centerpiece of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is a fine piece of engineering. The flooded valleys of the dam extend for 45km and the dam wall is 185m high. This dam is second in size (in Africa) only to the Lake Volta Akosombo Dam in Ghana. The view of this massive dam from Mafika Lisiu Pass is magnificent and is often of great interest to visitors. The centre piece of the whole project is the dam wall which is the highest in Africa. An area of the lake can be devoted to water sports. Thaba Bosiu Thaba-Bosiu is Lesotho’s great national monument. The mystical Thaba Bosiu is a flat-topped hill which was used by Moshoeshoe I as his citadel when establishing the nation. In translation, the name means ‘Mountain of the night’ and it is believed that the enemies of Moshoeshoe could not attack as the hill became a formidable mountain at night but went back to a hill during the day. The substantial remains of the King’s dwellings and villages and the royal cemetery of Lesotho are on top of the hill. Maletsunyane Falls Maletsunyane Falls in Semonkong is one of the highest single-drop falls in Southern Africa plunging 200 meters into a swim able pool whose stunning natural scenery is unspoiled by anything man-made. It is nearly twice as high as Victoria Falls, though not nearly as wide. The falls are very impressive, and can be visited on pony-trekking trails from both Malealea to the West and Molimo Nthuse to the North. Maletsunyane Falls are most spectacular in summer when the flow is highest, but in winter the water freezes, spraying the rocks with ice water. Conclusion Lesotho is indeed in a class of its own in tourism terms and the sensitive exploitation of its endowments can firmly place the country on the world tourism map.

Ece Lab Manual Ece 315

LABORATORY MANUAL ECE 315 MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No. Title of the Experiment Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: (i). Write a program to add two 8-bit numbers. (Or) Write a program to add two 16- bit numbers. (ii) Write a program to subtract two 8-bit numbers. (Or) Write a program to subtract two 16-bit numbers.Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: (i) Write a program to multiply two 8 bit numbers by repetitive addition method (Or) Write a program to multiply two 8 bit numbers by rotation method. (ii)Write a program to divide 16-bit number by 8-bit number. Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: (i) Finding 1’s and 2’s complement of an 8-bit number. (ii) Finding 1’s and 2’s complement of an 16-bit number.Perform the following using 8085 Simulator an d 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: (i) Write a program to count number of 1’s in a program. (ii) Split hex data into two nibbles and swap the higher nibble and lower nibble of that number. Write a program to convert a 2-digit BCD number into its binary equivalent number. Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: (i) Write a program for displaying BCD down counter. Counter should count numbers from 99 to 00 and it should increment after every 1 sec. (ii) Write a program for displaying binary up counter.Counter should count numbers from 00 to FFH and it should increment after every 0. 5 sec. Interfacing of Seven segment display with 8085 microprocessor. Interfacing of D/A converter with 8085 microprocessor to generate RAMP wave. Interfacing and control of stepper motor using 8085 microprocessor. Design 8085 Microprocessor based Traffic light control. Page No. 1 3 2 7 3 11 4 15 5 17 6 19 7 8 9 10 21 23 25 26 2 Exper iment 1 1. Aim: Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: i. Write a program to add two 8-bit numbers. (Or) Write a program to add two 16bit numbers. ii.Write a program to subtract two 8-bit numbers. (Or) Write a program to subtract two 16-bit numbers. Equipment required: 8085 microprocessor kit 2. Learning Objective: a. To acquaint with 8085 microprocessor performance. b. To determine the addition and subtraction of two numbers. 3. Program Program ( i. a ): Program (i. b): 3 Program ( ii. a): 4 Program ( ii. b ): 5 4. Required Results: Input: 1st number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2nd number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Output: Addition of two numbers: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Subtraction of two numbers: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. . Learning outcomes: Mathematical operations using 8085 kit. 6 Experiment 2 1. Aim: Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: i. Write a program to multiply two 8 bit numbers by repetitive addition method (or) write a program to multiply two 8 bit numbers by rotation method. ii. Write a program to divide 16-bit number by 8-bit number. Equipment required: 8085 Microprocessor kit. 2. Learning Objective: a. To acquaint with 8085 microprocessor performance. b. To determine the division and multiplication of two numbers. 3. Program Program (i. a): 7 Program ( i. b): 8 Program (ii):MVI E, 00 : Quotient = 0 LHLD 2200H : Get dividend LDA 2300 : Get divisor MOV B, A : Store divisor MVI C, 08 : Count = 8 NEXT: DAD H : Dividend = Dividend x 2 MOV A, E RLC MOV E, A : Quotient = Quotient x 2 MOV A, H SUB B : Is most significant byte of Dividend > divisor JC SKIP : No, go to Next step MOV H, A : Yes, subtract divisor INR E : and Quotient = Quotient + 1 SKIP:DCR C : Count = Count – 1 JNZ NEXT : Is count =0 repeat M OV A, E STA 2401H : Store Quotient Mov A, H STA 2410H : Store remainder HLT : End of program. 9 4. Required Results: Input: 1st number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2nd number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Output: Multiplication of two numbers: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Division of two numbers: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 6. Learning outcomes: Mathematical operations using 8085. 10 Experiment 3 1. Aim: Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: i. Finding 1’s and 2’s complement of an 8-bit number. ii. Finding 1’s and 2’s complement of an 16-bit number. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor kit. 2. Learning Objective: Complement of a number using 8085 kit. 3. Assembly language: Program (i. a): Program (i. b): 11Explanation: This program finds the 2’s complement of an 8-bit number stored in memory location 3000H. Let us assume that the operand stored at memory location 3000H is 85H. The operand is moved to accumulator from memory location 3000H. Then, its complement is found by using CMA instruction. One is added to accumulator by incrementing it to find its 2’s complement. The result is stored at memory location 3001H. Program (ii. a): Explanation: This program finds the 1’s complement of 16-bit number stored in memory 3000H3001H. There is no direct way to find 1’s complement of 16-bit number.Therefore, this can be accomplished by finding the 1’s complement of two 8-bit numbers. Let us assume that the operand stored at memory locations 3000H-3001H is 45H-6AH. The operand is loaded into H-L pair from memory locations 3000H-3001H. The lower-order is moved from register L to accumulator. Its complement is found by using CMA instruction. The result obtained is moved back to register L. Then, the higher-order is moved from register H to accumulato r. Its complement is found by using CMA instruction. The result obtained is moved back to register H. Now, the final result is in H-L pair. 12 The result is stored from H-L pair to memory locations 3002H-3003H. Program (ii. b): Explanation: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? This program finds the 2’s complement of 16-bit number stored in memory locations 3000H- 3001H. There is no direct way to find 2’s complement of 16-bit number. Therefore, this can be accomplished by finding the 1’s complement of two 8-bit numbers and then incrementing it to get 2’s complement. Let us assume that the operand stored at memory locations 3000H-3001H is 12H05H. The operand is loaded into H-L pair from memory locations 3000H-3001H.The lower-order is moved from register L to accumulator. Its complement is found by using CMA instruction. The result obtained is moved back to register L. Then, the higher-order is moved from register H to accumulator. Its complement is found by using CMA instruction. The result obtained is moved back to register H. H-L pair is incremented to get 2’s complement. Now, the final result is in H-L pair. The result is stored from H-L pair to memory locations 3002H-3003H. 4. Required Results: Input: 8-bit number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16-bit number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Output: 1’s and 2’s complement of 8-bit number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1’s and 2’s complement of 16-bit number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 6. Learning outcomes: Student will be able to learn how to use logical instructions. 14 Experiment 4 1. Aim: Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language: i. Write a program to count number of 1’s in a program. . ii. Split hex data into two nibbles and swap the higher nibble and lower nibble of that number. Requirements: 8085 M icroprocessor kit. 2. Learning Objective: Swapping of lower and higher nibble of a number. . Assembly language Program ( i ) : MVI B,00H MVI C,08H MOV A,D BACK: RAR JNC SKIP INR B SKIP: DCR C JNZ BACK HLT Program ( ii ) : LDA 2200H ; Get the packed BCD number ANI F0H ; Mask lower nibble RRC RRC RRC RRC ; Adjust higher BCD digit as a lower digit STA 2300H ; Store the partial result LDA 2200H ; Get the original BCD number ANI 0FH ; Mask higher nibble STA 2301H ; Store the result LDA 2300H ; Get the contents of memory location 2300H into accumulator MOV B, A ; save the contents in B register LDA 2301H ; Get the contents of memory location 2301H into accumulator.STA 2300H ; Store the contents of accumulator at address 2000H. MOV A, B ; Get the saved contents back into A register STA 2301H ; Store the contents of accumulator at address 2200H HLT ; Terminate program execution 15 4. Required Results: Input: Enter the number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Output: number of one’s in number: à ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Result after swapping: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 6. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to learn mathematical operations using 8085 kit. 16 Experiment 5 1.Aim: Write a program to convert a 2-digit BCD number into its binary equivalent number. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor kit. 2. Learning Objective: BCD to binary conversion of a number. 3. Program: Sample problem: (2200H) = 67H (2300H) = 6 x OAH + 7 = 3CH + 7 = 43H Sample Program: LDA 2200H : Get the BCD number MOV B, A : Save it ANI OFH : Mask most significant four bits MOV C, A : Save unpacked BCDI in C register MOV A, B : Get BCD again ANI FOH : Mask least significant four bits RRC : Convert most significant four bits into unpacked BCD2 RRC RRC RRC MOV B, A : Save unpacked BCD2 in B register XRA A : Clear accumulator (sum = 0) 7 MVI D, 0AH : Set D as a multiplier of 10 Sum: ADD D : Add 10 until (B) = 0 DCR B : Decrement BCD2 by one JNZ SUM : Is multiplication complete? i if not, go back and add again ADD C : Add BCD1 STA 2300H : Store the result HLT : Terminate program execution 4. Required Results: Input: Enter 2 digit BCD number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Output: Equivalent binary number: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. . Learning outcomes: Student will be able to learn the use of stack pointer and subroutines. 18 Experiment 6 1. Aim: Perform the following using 8085 Simulator and 8085 Microprocessor kit in assembly language : i. ii. Write a program for displaying BCD down counter. Counter should count numbers from 99 to 00 and it should increment after every 1 sec. Write a program for displaying binary up counter. Counter should count numbers from 00 to FFH and it should increment after every 0. sec. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor kit. 2. L earning Objective: Implementation of BCD down counter and Binary UP counter. 3. Program ( i ) : LXI SP, 27FFH : Initialize stack pointer MVI C, 99H : Initialize counter = 99 BACK:CALL Display : Call display subroutine CALL Delay : Call delay subroutine ADI 99H : See Addition below DAA : Adjust for decimal CPI 99H : Compare with last count JNZ BACK :If no, repeat HLT 19Program ( ii ) : LXI SP, 27FFH : Initialize stack pointer MVI C, OOH : Initialize counter BACK: CALL Display : Call display subroutine CALL Delay : Call delay subroutine INR C : Increment counter MOV A, C CPI OOH : Check counter is > FFH JNZ BACK : If not, repeat HLT : Stop Delay Routine: Delay: LXI B, count : Initialize count BACK: DCX D : Decrement count MOV A, E ORA D : Logically OR D and E JNZ BACK : If result is not 0 repeat RET : Return to main program 4. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b.Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 5. Learning outcomes: mathem atical operations using 8085. 20 Experiment 7 1. Aim: Interfacing of Seven segment display with 8085 microprocessor. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor kit, Seven Segment LED & wires. 2. Learning Objective: Seven segment interfacing using 8085 kit. 3. Circuit Diagram: 4. Program: MVI A, 80H OUT CR K: LXI H, 2000H MVI B, 10H KK: MOV A, M OUT PA CALL DELAY INX H JNZ KK 21 JMP K HLT Delay: LXI D, Count Back: DCX D MOV A, D ORA E JNZ Back RET 5.Inputs: 2000: 40H, 79H, 24H, 30H, 19H, 12H, 02H, 78H, 00H, 18H, 08H, 03H, 46H, 21H, 06H, 0EH 6. Result: On the Seven segment LED we can see all the Hexadecimal no’s displayed with some delay as mentioned. 7. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 8. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to learn how to interface seven segment with 8085. 22 Experiment 8: 1. Aim: Interfacing of D/A converter with 8085 microprocessor to generate RAMP wave.Requireme nts: 8085 Microprocessor Kit, DAC0808, 100nF(2), 1k, Op-Amp 741. 2. Learning Objective: Digital to analog converter interfacing. 3. Circuit Diagram: 4. Program: MOV A, 80H OUT CW MVI A, 00H KK: OUT PA CALL DELAY INC A JMP KK RST 5 Delay: LXI D, Count Back: DCX D MOV A, D ORA E JNZ Back RET 23 5. Result: On the CRO we can see a RAMP wave generated. 6. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 7. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to learn how to interface digital to analog converter with 8085. 4 Experiment 9 1. Aim: Interfacing and control of stepper motor using 8085 microprocessor. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor kit, Stepper Motor, Motor driver circuit (ULN2003) & wires. 2. Learning Objective: Stepper motor interfacing with 8085. 3. Program: i) To rotate in Clock Wise direction MVI A, 80H OUT CR MVI A, 44H KK: OUT PA CALL DELAY RRC JMP KK RST 5 ii) To rotate in Anti-Clock Wise directi on MVI A, 80H OUT CR MVI A, 44H KK: OUT PA CALL DELAY RLC JMP KK RST 5 Delay: LXI D, Count Back: DCX D MOV A, D ORA E JNZ Back RET 4.Result: Stepper motor rotates in Clock wise & Anti-clock wise direction. 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 6. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to learn how to interface and control stepper motor with 8085. 25 Experiment 10 1. Aim: Design a 8085 Microprocessor based Traffic light control for figure shown below with the following conditions: Allow traffic to flow from N to S & S to N for 1sec Glow all Yellow lights for 0. sec Allow traffic to flow from W to E & E to W for 1sec Glow all Yellow lights for 0. 2sec Make this process continues. Requirements: 8085 Microprocessor Kit, 9 LED’s, 5K resistors (9) 2. Learning Objective: Traffic light control system using 8085. 3. Circuit Diagram: 4. Program: MVI A, 80H : Initialize 8255, port A and p ort B OUT CR ;(CR) : in output mode START: MVI A, 09H OUT PA; (PA) : Send data on PA to glow R1 and R2 MVI A, 24H OUT PB; (PB) : Send data on PB to glow G3 and G4 MVI C, 28H : Load multiplier count (40 ) for delay 26CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT PA; PA : Send data on Port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT 81H ;PB : Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH : Load multiplier count (10 ) for delay CALL: DELAY : Call delay subroutine MVI A, 24H OUT 80H ;PA : Send data on port A to glow G1 and G2 MVI A, 09H OUT 81H; PB : Send data on port B to glow R3 and R4 MVI C, 28H : Load multiplier count (40 ) for delay CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT 80H : Send data on port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT 81H : Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH : Load multiplier count (10 for delay CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine JMP START Delay Subroutine: DELAY: LXI D, Count : Load count to give 0. 5 sec delay BACK: DCX D : Decrement counter MOV A, D ORA E : Check whe ther count is 0 JNZ BACK : If not zero, repeat DCR C : Check if multiplier zero, otherwise repeat JNZ DELAY RET : Return to main program 5. Cautions: a. Before enter the program press RST key on 8085 kit. b. Proper care must be taken while handling the microprocessor kit. 6. Learning outcomes: Students will be able to learn how to design microprocessor based traffic light system using 8085. 27

How to Optimize Your Marketing Funnel with Alex Brazeau [PODCAST]

How to Optimize Your Marketing Funnel with Alex Brazeau [PODCAST] You are probably including a call to action on each piece of content, but are you optimizing them as part of your marketing strategy? Even more importantly, are your calls to action placing your prospects well into what today’s guest calls the â€Å"marketing funnel†? Alex Brazeau, the public relations manager at Corel, is going to share his story of how he and his team members optimize content, create great calls to action, and use a marketing funnel to draw in prospects into conversions. Some of the topics you’ll hear about on today’s show include: What Corel does and all about Alex’s role there. How Alex keeps everything organized. The marketing funnel framework, from focusing on potential customer problems through comparing, acting, converting, and retaining the customer. The biggest problems Alex faced when mapping out his funnel, as well as how he resolved the issues. An example of what a marketing campaign might look like when using the marketing funnel. The results that Alex has achieved with his marketing funnel. Alex’s best advice for a marketer looking to implement a similar framework. Links: Corel VideoStudio Micro Moments The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg Special Offer on the Corel Photo Video Bundle (10% off!) If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes By Alex: â€Å"The content challenges that we face as content marketers are actually pretty similar to just about anyone who’s creating content without an overarching strategy.† â€Å"I think adopting a funnel framework has had a huge impact on literally every aspect of our content operations.† â€Å"If you’re going to jump into content marketing, you really should have a documented strategy.†

The First Battle of the Marne

The First Battle of the Marne From September 6-12, 1914, just one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne took place just 30 miles northeast of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. Following the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans had been moving swiftly toward Paris when the French staged a surprise attack that began the First Battle of the Marne. The French, with the aid of some British troops, successfully halted the German advance and both sides dug in. The resulting trenches became the first of many that characterized the rest of World War I. Because of their loss at the Battle of the Marne, the Germans, now stuck in muddy, bloody trenches, were not able to eliminate the second front of World War I; thus, the war was to last years rather than months. World War I Begins Upon the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian, Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia on July 28- a month to the day from the assassination.  Serbian ally Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary.  Germany then jumped into the looming battle at the defense of Austria-Hungary.  And France, who had an alliance with Russia, also joined the war. World War I had begun. Germany, who was literally in the middle of all this, was in a predicament. To fight France in the west and Russia in the east, Germany would need to divide its troops and resources and then send them in separate directions. This would cause the Germans to have a weakened position on both fronts. Germany had been afraid this might happen. Thus, years before World War I, they had created a plan for just such a contingency- the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was developed in the early 20th century by German Count Albert von Schlieffen, chief of the German Great General Staff from 1891 to 1905. The plan aimed to end a two-front war as quickly as possible. Schlieffen’s plan involved speed and Belgium. At that time in history, the French had heavily fortified their border with Germany; thus it would take months, if not longer, for the Germans to try to break through those defenses. They needed a faster plan. Schlieffen advocated circumventing these fortifications by invading France from the north via Belgium.  However, the assault had to happen quickly- before the Russians could gather their forces and attack Germany from the east. The downside of Schlieffen’s plan was that Belgium was at that time still a neutral country; a direct attack would bring Belgium into the war on the side of the Allies. The positive of the plan was that a quick victory over France would bring a swift end to the Western Front and then Germany could shift all of its resources to the east in their fight with Russia. At the beginning of World War I, Germany decided to take its chances and put the Schlieffen Plan, with a few changes, into effect.  Schlieffen had calculated that the plan would take only 42 days to complete. The Germans headed to Paris via Belgium. The March to Paris The French, of course, tried to stop the Germans. They challenged the Germans along the French-Belgian border in the Battle of Frontiers. Although this successfully slowed the Germans down, the Germans ultimately broke through and continued southward toward the French capital of Paris.   As the Germans advanced, Paris readied itself for a siege. On September 2, the French government evacuated to the city of Bordeaux, leaving French General Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the new military governor of Paris, in charge of the defense of the city. As the Germans advanced rapidly toward Paris, the German First and Second Armies (led by Generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bà ¼low respectively) were following parallel paths southward, with the First Army a little to the west and the Second Army a bit to the east. Although Kluck and Bà ¼low had been directed to approach Paris as a unit, supporting one another, Kluck got distracted when he sensed easy prey. Instead of following orders and heading directly to Paris, Kluck chose instead to pursue the exhausted, retreating French Fifth Army, led by General Charles Lanrezac. Kluck’s distraction not only did not turn into a quick and decisive victory, but it also created a gap between the German First and Second Armies and exposed the First Army’s right flank, leaving them susceptible to a French counterattack. On September 3, Kluck’s First Army crossed the Marne River and entered the Marne River Valley. The Battle Begins Despite Gallieni’s many last-minute preparations within the city, he knew that Paris couldn’t withstand a siege for long; thus, upon learning of Kluck’s new movements, Gallieni urged the French military to launch a surprise attack before the Germans reached Paris. Chief of the French General Staff Joseph Joffre had exactly the same idea. It was an opportunity that couldn’t be passed up, even if it was a surprisingly optimistic plan in the face of the ongoing massive retreat from northern France. Troops on both sides were utterly and completely exhausted from the long and fast march south. However, the French had an advantage in the fact that as they had retreated south, closer to Paris, their supply lines had shortened; while the Germans’ supply lines had become stretched thin. On September 6, 1914, the 37th day of the German campaign, the Battle of the Marne began. The French Sixth Army, led by General Michel Maunoury, attacked Germany’s First Army from the west. Under attack, Kluck swung even further west, away from the German Second Army, to confront the French attackers. This created a 30-mile gap between the German First and Second Armies. Kluck’s First Army nearly defeated the French’s Sixth when, in the nick in time, the French received 6,000 reinforcements from Paris, brought to the front via 630 taxicabs- the very first automotive transport of troops during the war in history. Meanwhile, the French Fifth Army, now led by General Louis Franchet d’Esperey (who had replaced Lanrezac), and Field Marshal John French’s British troops (who agreed to join in the battle only after much, much urging) pushed up into the 30-mile gap that divided the German First and Second Armies. The French Fifth Army then attacked Bà ¼low’s Second Army. Mass confusion within the German army ensued. For the French, what began as a move of desperation ended up as a wild success, and the Germans began to be pushed back.   The Digging of Trenches By September 9, 1914, it was apparent that the German advance had been halted by the French.  Intending to eliminate this dangerous gap between their armies, the Germans began to retreat, regrouping 40 miles to the northeast, on the border of the Aisne River.   German Chief of the Great General Staff Helmuth von Moltke was mortified by this unexpected change in course and suffered a nervous breakdown.  As a result, the retreat was handled by Moltke’s subsidiaries, causing the German forces to pull back at a much slower pace than they had advanced.   The process was further hampered by the loss in communications between the divisions and a rainstorm on September 11 that turned everything to mud, slowing down man and horse alike. In the end, it took the Germans a total of three full days to retreat.   By September 12, the battle had officially ended, and the German divisions were all relocated to the banks of the Aisne River where they began regrouping.  Moltke, shortly before he was replaced, gave one of the most important orders of the war- â€Å"The lines so reached will be fortified and defended.†1 The German troops began digging trenches. The process of trench digging took nearly two months but was still only meant to be a temporary measure against French retaliation.  Instead, gone were the days of open warfare; both sides remained within these underground lairs until the end of the war. Trench warfare, begun at the First Battle of the Marne, would come to monopolize the rest of World War I. The Toll of the Battle of the Marne In the end, the Battle of the Marne was a bloody battle. Casualties (both those killed and wounded) for the French forces are roughly estimated around 250,000 men; casualties for the Germans, who had no official tally, are estimated to be around the same number.  The British lost 12,733.   The First Battle of the Marne was successful in halting the German advance to seize Paris; however, it is also one of the main reasons that the war continued past the point of initial brief projections.  According to historian Barbara Tuchman, in her book The Guns of August, The Battle of the Marne was one of the decisive battles of the world not because it determined that Germany would eventually lose or the Allies ultimately win the war but because it determined that the war would go on.2 The Second Battle of the Marne The area of the Marne River Valley would be revisited with large-scale warfare in July 1918 when German General Erich von Ludendorff attempted one of the final German offensives of the war.   This attempted advance became known as the Second Battle of the Marne but was rapidly halted by Allied forces. It is viewed today as one of the keys to ultimately ending the war as the Germans realized that they lacked the resources to win the battles necessary to win World War I.

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage Essay

Managing People For A Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The strategies and the philosophies developed by the HR department drives an organization in the right path. Placing the right person, at the right place, at the right time, is always beneficial to the organization. HRM has two important functions; one with respect to the organizational needs and the other related to the employee needs. In other words, HR department acts as the bridge between the organization and the employees. Since the needs of the organization and the needs of the employees are mostly different, conflicts between the organization and the employees can take place any time. Under such circumstances, the HRM department is responsible for find out amicable solutions without sacrificing the needs of the organization or the employees. â€Å"Without inspiration the best powers of the mind remain dormant, they is a fuel in us which needs to be ignited with sparks† (Von Herder). Motivation is accepted as the driving force behind every human action and the basic func tion of every first line supervisors or managers is to motivate the workforce properly to accomplish the organizational goals. ... Cooperation between these departments is necessary for achieving the final goal. It is the duty of the first line supervisors to control the functions properly so that the organizational interests will never be sacrificed. Planning is another major function of the first line supervisors. Whatever the schedule given to a particular department should be completed in time and for that purpose the first line supervisors need to plan the work. The HR managers are responsible for ensuring that all the HR policies and practices are implemented within the organization. The HR policies and strategies are normally formulated by the top management team. Once all these policies are formulated it is the responsibility of the HR managers to ensure that these policies were implemented correctly. For example, the top management team normally makes policies with respect to employee annual leave, sick leave, casual leave etc. The top management will decide how many leaves can be given to the employees in a particular year. Once all the norms about the leave were fixed, it the duty of the HR managers to ensure that these norms were implemented successfully. Many parameters can affect the employee performances in an organization. The work culture, motivation, management style, remuneration etc are some of the major factors which may affect the employee performances. However, the mangers and the HR department have major roles in deriving maximum productivity out of the workers. HR department should appoint right people at the right place at the right time. It is difficult to anticipate better performance from an employee, if the HR department ask him to complete a job which is out of his expertise. For example, it is difficult for a software specialist to

Race and Gender Roles Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race and Gender Roles - Movie Review Example The reflective lyrics makes Knowles envision herself in the role of her disregarding guy as is in the lyrics "I'd put myself first/ And make the rules as I go/ 'Cause I know that she'd be faithful/ Waitin' for me to come home." However, the wife is shown to be relentlessly trying to understand her husband and making excuses for him but it is never the other way around. It shows how a woman feels through the eyes of herself. It uses technique of making the man sit at home and act like a wife by running behind her all the time. If it were shot otherwise, the wife may not have looked as dismal and ignored as a husband did in this video. This fact not only shows the perspectives the society has long built up but also the insensitive attitude toward them. According to a review: "The lyrics are both a lament for misunderstanding between the genders and an indictment of the male side of relationships. It's a perfect follow up to the independent attitude of B'Day and lays the groundwork for another exploration of what it means to be a woman in the world today. The pain of experience is palpable counter-balanced somewhat by a sense of hope that progress can still be made." The video disregards any observable aspects race may have played in such a situation.

Money supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Money supply - Essay Example Money can be held in three common forms; paper money, metallic coins and money deposits to banks. Measurement of money supply is a critical act and various ways have been developed by economists to measure the level of money supply in the economy. The high-powered money multiplier approach is an approach that considers the level of bank deposits by the private sector while determining money supply (Werner, 2005). According to this approach, the level of cash deposits held by the bank plays the major role in determining money supply. High-powered money multiplier approach to credit creation The high-powered money multiplier is denoted by the letter ‘H’ and is measured in terms of the summation of notes and coins held by the common population (C) and notes and coins held by the banks plus deposits maintained by banks at the central bank (R). The mathematical formula for the stock of high-powered money: H = C + R The level of money supply (M.S.) in an economy is measured by : M.S. = C + D; where C denotes notes and coins held by the common population and D denotes bank deposits made by private individuals or agents (D'Souza, 2009). We can represent money supply in terms of the stock of high-powered money (denoted by ‘H’) and the high-powered money multiplier (denoted by ‘h’). The formula for high-powered money multiplier can be derived from the formula for the stock of high-powered money and the high-powered money multiplier (D'Souza, 2009). M.S. = C + D -----------(1) H = C + R ------------(2) On dividing equation (1) by equation (2) we get equation (3): On dividing the numerator and denominator of the right hand side of equation (3) by D we get: Or, Or, Or, M.S. = h* H (7) Where, Therefore, M.S. = h* H, i.e, the level of money supply in the economy is the product of the high-powered money multiplier (h) and the stock of high-powered money (H) (D'Souza, 2009). A number of assumptions are made prior to the development this mod el measuring money supply. These assumptions have been described below: Firstly, the stock of high-powered money (H) is considered as exogenously determined. It is not dependent on the functioning of the market forces. Secondly, C/D ratio is either a constant or is stable and predictable. If the rates of return on these investments remain constant, then the ratio of C/D would also remain constant. However, in reality, bank deposits offer interest rates whereas cash holding does not. Therefore, households as well as firms would be interested to make more deposits than hold liquid money. Thus, the C/D ratio is not a constant, but, is predictable. Sometimes the C/D ratio becomes unstable and unpredictable due to changes in financial culture of the economy or high end technological innovations and changing trend in spending methods towards use of plastic money (mostly due to technological advancements) leafing to a fall in C/D ratio or lack of confidence on the banking system in the eco nomy leading to an increase in liquid money holding and a subsequent rise in C/D ratio. The final assumption is related to the R/D ratio. It is the ratio of the reserves held by the banks at the Central bank and the liabilities of the bank and is considered as stable and predictable. The banks often try to keep a high reserve with the central bank by acting in a risk-averse manner in order to protect itself in a situation of large sudden withdrawals by depositors. However, depending on the rate of interest, banks decide the amount of money they would hold as interest bearing asset and the amount they would hold as reserves (earning no interest). The stock of high powered money also changes due to the change in government policies or total liabilities of the central bank and daily operations of the central banks. Change in high powered money is denoted by ?H. The value of ?H is given by the following equation: Or, ?H = DEF – ?GD + ET + MMA Where, Budget deficit (DEF), net sale s of

Dynamic Modeling Laboratory

Dynamic Modeling Laboratory Chapter Three 3. Implementation of model Although the improvement of complex design system involves the development of representations for design tools and mappings, design tool environment models, and project flow definitions, these significant improvements in systems cannot be technologically advanced in isolation. After outlining the various frameworks, the developer(s) of any given model must be able to examine what is under creation to prove that the prototype meets its required purpose standards. For results to be achieved, the proposal must commence with test data from the core device that it will be used in. Mappings between different plans must be tried to guarantee that the outcome of plotting from the prototype is comparable to the original. Design device environment prototypes must be tested to guarantee that the design implement begins and end as anticipated and that they experience no problem with the figures obtainable from the end product. To make the modelling possible it involves the presence of testing environments that permit prototypes to be speedily instantiated and confirmed to warrant that interactions and reliance are as anticipated. To test plotting requires a system, which mimics the functionality of a complete plotting system, joined with prototype visualizers to enable the accuracy of the plotting to be determined. Alike testing is needed for scheme prototypes and design tool environment prototypes. To test prototypes in each of these disparities would entail very dissimilar testing environments. However, if a particular model conceptualization tool were generated for testing all joined design systems during development; the final product could be itemised in any prototype with the inventor being sure of the accuracy of the requirement. Having a single set of testing devices also permits faster integration between the testing devices, with several benefits from the different phases of testing. 3.1 Setting and Principle of model For a simulation to take place, there be existence of an environment. This environment is usually achieved through configuration that take place during the simulation process. An example of the configuration will be explained in the FMU export from Simulink that clearly explain the environment under which the FMU export is facilitated. 3.2 Implementation in Dymola Introduction Dymola with refers to the Dynamic Modeling Laboratory is a device used for modeling and simulation of incorporated and complex systems used in industries such as aerospace, automotive , robotics and other applications. With its state of the art engineering, Dymola’s abilities display novel and innovative answers for prototyping and simulation, as it is probable to simulate the vibrant conduct and intricate relations amongst structures of various production fields, such as mechanical, electrical and other control systems. This implies that users of Dymola can construct prototypes that are more joined and have simulations results that depict reality. Other highlights that can be realized of Dymola are those of Handling of large and complex multi-engineering models. Faster modelling by graphical model composition and faster simulation through symbolic pre-processing can also be achieved for purposes of increased productivity. Other befits of Dymola are it support for Open user de fined prototype modules, Open interface to other applications, 3D Simulation and Real-time simulation, but just to mention a few of its benefit. 3.2.1 Environment The Dynamic Modeling Laboratory (Dymola) setting practices the open Modelica demonstrating semantic, which implies it is open to its users. Dymola users are, therefore, free to develop their own model libraries or modify the ready-made model libraries as desired to satisfy their individual user’s unique modeling and simulation needs. With Dymola being flexible, it makes more of an adaptable device. Flexibility, therefore, brands Dymola seamless for prototyping and simulation of novel substitute strategies and skills now and in the future. FMU export from Dymola The objective of this sub-topic is to illustrate the steps that one would take when he/she is intending to export prototypes from physical simulation settings as FMUs. To be able to perform an export from a Dymola an individual would need to perform two very crucial steps. One is that of adjusting the simulation model interface and secondly perform an export the simulation model as an FMU. To achieve the export from Dymola, proceed as explained in the following: First, adjust the interface (ports) of your simulation model in existence from a physical modeling tool. It is important to note that this process of adjusting the interface must be performed in a signal-based way for purposes of properly exporting a model/ models as an FMU. The interface of the desired simulation model will be defined by input and output signals. For purposes of reliability, efficiency and better results, an individual install sensors. The installed sensors are also used to amount certain prototype conditions and actuators in order to put on physical aspects to the prototype. The second step is to Export the simulationn model as an FMU by using the FMI export functionality of your physical simulation tool. For example, the exporting functionalities of Dymola (the options for the FMI export) can be found in the Simulation Setup GUI. In export process, there are usually three settings that need to be performed. The first setting is that of sectioning a Type. The second setting is that of choosing an FMI Version and finally choosing further Options. For Type, one can set either the environment for Model exchange (FMI-ME) or Co -simulation (FMI-CS) as Model exchange exports. This is because export can either be performed using model exchange or co- simulation. In the model-exchange setting, the FMU comprises only the prototype and no slave. Therefore, the slave of the introducing simulator is used. In the co-simulation setting, the FMU comprises both the prototype and a slave. Here the importing simulator performs as the main of the co-simulation. The prototype without slaves and Co-simulation exports a summarized prototypee and slave. For Version, selecting 1.0 will ensure compatibility with V1.7 of the Modelon FMI Toolbox. In the case of Choices, it is not necessary to include the basis cypher or mass outcome in mat file. 3.3 Implementation in Simulink As in the event of Dymola, Simulink can also be used to implement different prototypes in different environs. For example in the application of control procedure, the control procedures is established in a simulation setting (MATLAB/Simulink) and verified on simulation prototypes. After that, MATLAB/Simulink can be coupled with a PLC, and the procedure is verified on a physical prototype. This linking offers real-time communication amongst MATLAB/Simulink and the PLC (BR 2005). Control procedures have to be written in a worldwide programmable language supported by both MATLAB and PLC, because of its broadcast into the PLC. The Control procedures established in the simulations can be used in a different area such as in the control of heating devices at home for purposes of temperature regulation. the control algorithms can also be used in industries among other place. The presence of Simulink has been a major boost in innovations. 3.3.1 Environment Many advantages can be associated with Simulink. The advantages experienced by Simulink users are in its ability to provide the right set of tools for fast, accurate modeling and simulation. Simulink is designed to facilitate extensive features of block library for developing complex models. It is also designed to be convenient tools for monitoring simulation results, and tight integration. This is facilitated by the presence of MATLAB, which aids in accessing the most comprehensive collection of design and analysis tools. 3.3.3 FMI-Toolbox The FMI Toolbox for MATLAB fits in Modelica-based physical prototyping into the MATLAB/Simulink surroundings. FMI Toolbox offers the following core features, FMI toolbox permits the Simulation of assembled vibrant prototypes, FMUs, in Simulink. An FMI-compliant device such as OPTIMICA Studio by Modelon, SimulationX or Dymola, may generate fMUs. The Simulink FMU block offers realization of limits and input values as well as block results. FMI toolbox also enables Export of Simulink prototypes to FMUs. FMUs may also be simulated in FMI accommodating simulation device such as SimulationX or Dymola. FMI toolbox may also be used for the Simulation of assembled vibrant prototypes, FMUs; using MATLABs built-in integrators, for example, ode45 and ode15s. This piece makes FMI Toolbox beneficial for operators without them having to contact to Simulink. The other advantage of an FMI toolbox is that it facilitates the Static and dynamic analysis of FMUs through design-of- experiments (DoE) functions for optimization, calibration, control design, and robustness analysis. The dynamic analysis features require the MATLAB Control System Toolbox. The FMI Toolbox supports FMI import for Model Exchange and FMI for Co-Simulation. FMI Toolbox also supports FMI export and a DoE analysis for Model Exchange 1.0. In an FMI Toolbox, Simulink models can be exported as Model Exchange. †¢FMI Toolbox also supports improved handling of FMU blocks that are supported by Simulink Coder/Real-Time Workshop usually stored in a Simulink library. 3.3.4 FMU export from Simulink A Simulink prototype can be pass on as an FMU and introduced in an FMI-compliant device such as OPTIMICA Studio by SimulationX, Dymola or Modelon. This section describes how a Simulink model can be exported as an FMU. Code from a Simulink model is generated by Simulink Coder/Real-Time Workshop and is then wrapped in an FMU for Model Exchange 1.0 or Co-Simulation 1.0. There are various steps required to export an FMU for Model Exchange from Simulink. The first step is usually to select the build target. This is usually done by opening the Configuration Parameters dialog. Then go to the Real-Time Workshop/Code Generation tab depending on the MATLAB version an individual is using at that particular time. From Browse button, select the System target file. The final step that takes place before exportation can take place is that of selecting fmu_me1.tlc from the browser dialog for exporting the FMU as Model Exchange or fmu_cs1.tlc for Co-Simulation, when either of the two is selected, click OK to export. However, FMU export limitations such as The FMU target uses the code format S-function and target type non real time. This means in general that the same limitations of Simulink Coder ´s native S-function target, rtwsfcn is applied to the FMU target. Complex input and output ports are not supported. There is no corresponding data type in the FMI standard.Another limitation of FMU is that Enumeration data types are not supported for example the Enumerated Constant block is not supported. Discrete variables (variability attribute set to discrete) may change the value at instants other than during initialization or at event instants. Support for precompiled S-functions is only supported for export of Model Exchange FMUs and not co- simulation. Co-simulation The main aim of co-simulation is to come up with a user-friendly interface type for connecting/joining simulation tools in its environs. The data exchanged in this models subsystems is limited to distinct communication targets. The communication interval among two sub-systems is controlled autonomously by respective subsystem solvers. The master algorithm is usually responsible for controlling the exchange of data among subsystems and the harmonization of complete simulation slaves (solvers). In this case, basic master algorithms and complex ones are supported. It is imperative nonetheless to note that the master algorithm is not a part of the FMI standard. Dymola 2013 and later supports export of prototypes (slaves) with built-in numerical slaves according to the FMI for Co-simulation specification. The SUNDIALS suite of numerical slaves (version 2.4.0) is used in the co-simulation FMUs. In Dymola 2013 and later, the translateModelFMU command will produce an FMU that supports both the FMI for Model Exchange requisite and the FMI for Co-Simulation slaves interface where by all responsibilities will be present in the DLL. Model simulation is also supported in Simulink. It is, however, important to note that when Simulink FMU block co-simulation FMUs with modelDescription attribute canRunAsynchronuously is set to true, they are usually not supported. References [Jak2003] Johan Ã…kesson. Operator Interaction and Optimization in Control Systems. ISRN LUTFD2/TFRT3234SE. Lund University. Sweden. 2003.