Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?Drawing on actual from the lectures, and using the conceptual framework of ontology, interpretation and methodologyCritically discuss the extent to which psychological theories and methodologies argon compatible, conflicting or co-existing.Matthew Belmonte lecture topic (social cognition) professor David Crundall lecture topic (risk taking/road traffic demeanour)Dr Florentia Hadjiefthyvoulou lecture topic (behavioural/drug colony)Dr David Wilde lecture topic (introduction to a qualitative approach to psychology, critical health psychology, out of body experience)Conceptual framework ontology, score and methodology.9TH MAY.Psychologists may be interested in similar interrogates, what makes psychology unique? What makes this a psychological question? What are we erudition nearly ourselves social psychology, different components of who we are (bystander effect). Developmental psychology, following certain methodologies (a blank state/innate/genetics/nature vs nurture) temper/individuality construct generalisations in similar stage settings what makes us the same? (nomothetic approach) The normative functioning state of behaviour (able to recognise abnormal behaviour) How do psychologists go almost field of operationsing what they study? Interested in the human being who you are? Social/society/environment the relationship between them all, how do they fit unitedly between the mind, behaviour and body (the mental state of mind, consciousness and physical aspect/body/ spirit as control centre?)Ontology what is the nature/ natural essence of the subject matter (what is the thing in itself?) What is it that needs explaining?Explanation (theory) how do we explain the psychological phenomena? Language needs to coincide with ontology. How well does the explanation match ontology? What counts as appropriate evidence to support the explanation?methodological analysis what methods do we employ t o test (support/refute) psychological explanation (theory)? Evidence to support explanation to confirm ontology. Is this the best method of gathering the evidence to support the explanation?What is psychology? Is psychologythe scientific study of the human mind (thoughts and mental consciousness)? The study of the brain (helps to perceive reality (function) essence neurological physical thing made up of neurons)? The study of behaviour (intention and action fit in)? A nous OF ONTOLOGY WHAT IS THE MIND? WHAT IS THE BRAIN? WHAT IS BEHAVIOUR? Is te mind the same as the brain, or are they different? Is behaviour the same as movement? What about intention and action how do they relate to behaviour?A QUESTION OF EXPLANATION HOW DO WE EXPLAIN the relationship between mind, brain and behaviour. How is the mind link to the brain? How is the mind/brain related to behaviour? Is it that mind, brain, mind and brain CAUSE behaviour?A QUESTION OF METHODOLOGY HOW DO WE STUDY the mind, the br ain and behaviour. Take into account of historical context?If psychology is the (scientific) study of mind/brain/behaviour then where, in all of this, is the person? ONTOLOGY Is the person their mind, their brain, their behaviour or all of these? EXPLANATION How are these related to each other in the construction of a person? METHODOLOGY How do we study a person?Placing psychological research in HISTORICAL CONTEXT to understand the current state of psychology, why psychology is as it is. The origins of some of the issues and questions that relate to psychology and psychology as a science. To better understand why these issues and questions have arisen and also learn from those who preceded us.FH Conceptual framework with addiction Ontology what causes addiction? Explanation theories of addiction. Methodology how do we study these theories?What causes addiction many theories try to answer this complicated question. Sociocultural perspective (people form addictions under stressful living conditions), psychodynamic perspective, cognitive-behavioural perspective (operant learn is a key role in addiction), biological perspective (addiction is a unhealthiness that the individual has no control over) Is addiction nature (a disease = biological) or nurture (social learning phenomenon)Disease model of addiction the individual has no control over drinking habits treatments such as Alcohol Anonymous is establish on theory as addiction is a disease because of genetic make-up. The disease concept of alcoholism (Jellinek 1960) The inability to control drinking. Addiction is a disease that originates from the biological, neurological and genetic makeup of an individual.Disease model of addiction where does the evidence come from? Genetic predisposition factors Animal breeding studies, whereby animals showed a taste to alcohol, their offspring also (genetic makeup) (Carroll and Meisch 2011, Weiss, 2011) Human twins studies (inherit genetic predisposition) (Legrand et al., 2005, Tsuang et al., 2001) Kaij 1960. Adoption studies (gives support to disease model of addiction) (Walters 2002, Goldstein 1994) Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology techniques. Abnormal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene in participants with substance use disorder (Cosgrove 2010 Blum et al., 1996) Disease model of addiction where does this evidence come from? Psychological factors the reward system or merriment pathway a brain circuit that is involved in mediating the effects of reinforcement and is fundamental in initiating and maintaining behaviours important for survival. Evidence from animal studies Behaviours such as consuming food and alcohol that we enjoy doing kick start the brain reward system Particular neuron circuits light up during entertainment neuron transmitter is dopamine (feel good hormones that give a pleasurable feeling from MRI studies) that produces euphoria and reinforces the behaviour to be repeated (how addictive behaviours are mainta ined and reinforced).Is the disease model the only explanation for our question? The most important causes of addictive behaviour are psychological in nature and not biological. Robins (1979) splendour of social setting on drug taking.Social learning theory addiction is a learned behaviour and is the result of observation and mould (social and family interaction)The individual personality traits (Sher et al 1991 Terracciano et al, 2007 Wilson et al., 2010) low self-esteem, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, vulnerability, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Is there an addictive personality? Other high risk factors permissive family attitudes to addictive behaviours. addictive behaviours by parents or family members. Low commitment to school. Early peer rejection (alienation), attitudes favourable to addictive behaviours. Early onset of the behaviour underlying depression, anxiety.The environment the cultural context and customs underpinning the addictive b ehaviour. Extreme economic deprivation (mainly for drug addiction) heroin is the ideal drug for the unemployed. Substance cost and availability the most substantive predictor of use and peer associations. Family interaction model (Baer et al 1987) higher risk through deficits in parenting, family tension, rejection, emotional distancing and parental alienation.The behaviour once learned, addiction is maintained through cognitive factors, expectancies and cues. Operant Conditioning (Skinner), Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)Examples of factors reinforcing an addictive behaviour positive reinforcement associated with the psychopharamacology of the drug (relevant to substance addiction), crucial importance of the role of the dopaminergic system (reward), the social aspect of the behaviour peer recognition, group identity, cultural norms etc. Negative reinforcement associated with avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, some drugs/behaviours salve psychological distress/trauma, relief of b oredom, coping with poor living conditions etc.Protective factors a supportive family environment, a caring relationship with at least one adult, positive temperament, a social support system that encourages effort.So what causes addiction? Is addiction a disease? Is addiction a social learning phenomenon? Can both biological and psychological theories explain addiction?How well does the explanation (theories of addiction) match the ontology? Do methods of gathering evidence support the explanation? argon methods compatible, conflicting or co-existing? What does this say about the nature of psychology?Stress, Family Environment, and Multiple Substance Use Among Seventh GradersP. E. Baer, R. J. McLaughlin, M. A. Burnside, A. D. Pokorny, and L. B. GarmezyBaylor College of Medicine. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours. 1987, Vol. 1, No 2. 92-103Seventh graders report using more alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis, singly or in combination, if they also reported having more stressful events o ccurring in their lives. This was the case whether the stressful events were of major simile Major life stressors had consistently a more reliable relationship to substance use than the minor irritants when the number of events that had occurred was considered. From a qualitative pointof view, the worriment of daily irritants retains an independent relationship with usage apart from the frequency of stressors and does so apart from the correlation of usage and anxiety. Family support and stressors independently relate to substance usage.

Marketing Analysis of Adidas

Marketing Analysis of AdidasIntroductionAdidas is a 2nd largest sport wear industry in the footwear market. Adidas is largely engaged with the sport industry, offering customers widespread selection of sport equipments. Adidas separateed its market into three of import divisions Sport Performance, Sport Heritage and Sport Style. Comp some(prenominal) has its market extensive increase in Europe, US and Asia with approximately 150 continents (www.adidasgroup.com).Adidas aim to get stop their quality, look, feel, and re pass onation of their yield in order to surpass consumer expectations and to provide them with the advancedest value, in that locationby helping athletes of all kinds to achieve zenith performance in their various fields. Adidas mostly range in the sport market and change magnitude its favour satisfactoryness. As a sport giant Adidas should not only invest in the sports market but in e in truth case it should try the other overlap related to the sport but in contrary industry like food ( livelihood and energy) harvest-tides.Adidas is producing almost all kind of the crossing for the athletes, boxing, swimming, football, body building, golf etc, making all kind for harvestings to give them comfort and confidence that they are wearing a reliable crop. All of these sports consume high level of energy while their e very(prenominal) day work go forth or during training session. As a highly reputed lodge if Adidas introduce such crossway then it leave alone increase its market and an addition to it sport industry. New convergences go away also be one of the most important factors in monetary value of success in the future (Blythe, J. 1998).After an extensive analysis of the environment and the market analysis adidas has develop and launched Adi food Supplement. Adi food supplement is primarily for the football athletes who consistently move during the game, this requires constant bodily re-adjustment, made possible by immediate st arts, stops, jumps, dashes and spins. All of these physical needs can negatively bear on the body and train the athlete vulnerable injury, illness or a disease. The athletes must have a easily developed skills, complete with enhanced coordination, red-blooded and flexible joints. The flexibility essential for complex and specific soccer manoeuvres, and the ability to create unpredictable power on-demand. Playing soccer well, and at the level required for success and victory.Adi food supplement go forth be reach in multi mineral vitamins. During the game athletes sweat heavily and lose mineral vitamins from the body. Regular dosage of Adi food supplement will recover the lost minerals and the vitamin time to time and keep the athletes fit for the next game. This food supplement can be apply in water, milk, juice etc to get the energy and for the taste it will be in different flavours to fulfil the need of the buyer.Market ObjectivesAdidas marketing objectives are as follows Increase its sales and market shareDevelop and launch a new productImprove its keep company and brand imageMarket disciplineEnvironmental analysisEvery organisation need to analyze the enviourment to spot its position in on-line(prenominal) market and compare the product with the competitors. The model we will use to analyze the market will be PEST. Igor Ansoff, 1965 states that environmental concept should be continuous and should feed all concepts of planning. Marketing environment is made up of three main foundersInternal environmentMicro-environmentMacro-environmentAccording to the nutrition and Nutrition Policy 2007-2012 and UKAS, BS EN ISO 17025 law in Europe there are six main policies need to take care while producing a food products and follow the instruction to deploy the product in to any of the country which are under WHO European Action Plan.Biased healthy startEnsuring a secure, vigorous and sustainable food supplyDetailed teaching and guidance to the consumer about the productTaking integrated action to tackle linked determinants such as physical motion, alcohol use, drinking water and the ambianceImproving nutrition and food safety in health sectorMonitoring, estimate and studyIf we examine the football market than we will come to know that Western Europe specially United kingdom is a very huge market and have a very good economic stableness in the market. Now days each person is concern about its health especially all the athletes of any sports, and they spend hugely just on to their training and diet. Adidas as a privileged brand image in the market and any product related to sports will be highly appreciated. Nutrition and health related products have a significant market share.To launch the Adi Food Supplement Adidas required minimum of 130 million of sign investing to launch the product with significant and steady profit. In Europe technology factors are very favourable to ensure the product standards.Growth ObjectivesCorporat e focusings first course of action should be a review of whether any opportunities exist for improving its existing businesses performance. Ansoff has proposed a useful framework for spotting new intensive growth opportunities called a product market expansion grid (Philip Kotler, 2003).Ansoff states that a company could expand using penetration strategy, market suppuration strategy, product development strategy and diversification.In the current situation, Adidas intention is to develop a new product of potential inte anticipate to its current market. It should be say that Adidas is a global company with market all over the world including Cameroon. The critical factor for success in going down this road is the profitability of the customer group for which the product is organism developed. Secondly given the fact that Adidas have a strong brand name that can comfortably utilise to its products.Product developmentThis strategy is used to develop new product for the existing ma rket. Production of Adi Food Supplement in such a well developed market with a good competition will be of great advantage. Due to the competition the company gets chance to improve its product and make the best available for consumers. With the production of such kind of product Adidas will be able to fulfil the market gap and will be increasing its market share by getting an upper hand over the rivals. Kotler, P. (1994) states that once a company has successfully segmented the market, chosen its stooge customers, determine their chosen needs, and impelled its market positioning than it is better able to develop new products.Segmentation of the Market, Targeting and positioning of the ProductMarket segmentation is the process of split customers, or potential customers, within a market into different groups, or segment, within which customers have the same, or similar, requirement, (McDonald and Dunbbar, 1998).Adidas being a global company was able to segment the UK market on th e following bases.Size the population is 60.6 million of which 80% local community, 10% Welsh and Northern Ireland and rest 10% is rest of world communities.Identity Adidas was able to identify that more than the 50% of the population between 18 to 30 yrs were more engaged in athletics, which the rest of the jejuneness population was interested in other sports such as volleyball, handball, rugby and others. Another group of the total population 20% of between 34-40years were interested in amateur footing in the morning while another 10% of the population between 41-60years were also running for the sake of keeping fit.Relevance Adidas rig in their market research that their product features were relevant for the segment they were researching as sportsmen and women wanted to run for long time without stopping to drink water. They need any kind of supplement fluid that will sustain in the body for a long time.Accessibility Adidas can use different adverting strategies to the targ et audience, such as TV advertising, sport panorama, bill boards and youth magazines or sponsor the football match to tell people about the product.Getting the segmentation of the market, companys next step is to target the particular segment of the potential customers of the new product. A particular segment is said to be attractive if there is enough potential customers to aim at, it is likely to be profitable and very much accessible. According to Geof, L. and Lester (2006) encompasses the identification of diverse needs for specific groups or segment of customers, deciding which of these groups the organisation should target or serve and designing marketing mix programs so that the needs of these targeted groups are then more closely met.In order to achieve the target market if we implement young and Rubican 4Cs model this can easily explain the segmentation of the market. This model can analyse user observation and help to determine their needs. After conducted common market r esearch conducting interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires. They came to know that there are three main lifestyle groups which are based on cross-cultured buyer characterizations, which are constrained, the middle majority, and the innovators. It most likely found that the Middle Majority and the innovators are more concern about their health and spend some amount of the pay on their health products.Product PositioningProduct positioning is always a very important part of any organization to market its product. Adi Food supplement will be rich in vitamins minerals and rich in nutrition for the athletes who do work out most of the day to keep them fit for the game. Footballers keep training and burn a lot of energy and due to sweat they lose vitamin and minerals.The biggest competitor of Adidas will be Maxi Muscles because has they market established but Adidas is the biggest name in the sports market and that brand image is their competitive advantage upon their competitor. Adi Food supplement will be a milk type product just add it in water or any other fluid and drink it with different flavours. It will consist of all necessary multi vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrate and amino Acids to recover energy and stamina quickly.Product positioning took place in the buyers mind and it is very much important to consider the buyers point of view regarding toll before position the product in the market. Consumer thinks of every aspect of the product before get like, taste, legal injury, quality, satisfaction etc and then he or she will buy the product. Adidas as a sport tycoon can ensure the quality and taste and the price of the product but satisfaction still remains with the buyer. TV media and promotion of the product plays a vital role in positioning brand in the minds of the target consumers (Trout et al, 1981).According to the Aaker et. al (1992) we can achieve product position by seven different ways.Product characteristics and customer benefitsTo keep consumer attention for the product it very much necessary that product should have a very powerful slogan which expresses the product and the consumer demand. Adidas should develop a slogan like sun-loving Life with Adi Food Supplement and step into a different shade of the market.Competitive PriceTo contend with the market for this product Adidas should keep the market price competitive with the other products in the market.Product LaunchLaunch of the product is very important part in the positioning strategy. If we look at the current market in London Olympics are going to be held in 2012. In Olympics, athletes will be coming all around the world and that product can be a big hit as a brand name of Adidas.ConsumerConsumer plays an important role in product positioning if product is associated with the consumer. It will be an extra edge if Adidas advertise its product with a well-known personality in the market.Product classificationProperly classify the product makes it eas ies for the consumer to understand and compare it with the different product and can notice the benefit of the product.Logo / SymbolEvery product in the market has its special symbols. Adidas being a well known tycoon already have its three strips Logo and can also be set for the new product with pocketable adjustments.CompetitionA healthy competition is always beneficial for a new product because competitors like Maximuscles already created a space and position in the market. Adidas can use the same market reference point to launch its product and can easily penetrate in the market.Marketing Mix of the Adi Food SupplementNeil H. Borden, (1964) states that the marketing mix is the set of marketing tools the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market. Kotler (1994) says the set of controllable variables and their levels that the firm uses to influence the target market. Marketing mix is based on 4Ps which is the classification of the productProductIn marketing mix presentation of a product is a very important that how Adidas present its product for the consumer. It includes product competitive price, an attractive packing, and different flavours for the consumer. As a brand adidas it is very much important for the company to present its new product according to their image so consumer feels privilege when they buy Adi Food Supplement.PriceTo penetrate in the market with a new product it is very important for adidas price the product with a very competitive price which should be affordable for all kinds of buyers in the market. Price should be determined after review the competitors price so the affordability should not be a problem for the product.PromotionPromotion of the product plays a very important part in product marketing strategy. Promoting the Adi Food Supplement can be done via different ways like online marketing, TV ads, Sports Magazines, sponsoring the events, leaflets and more. As much Adidas send the information about the product to the customers will be better for the long run benefits.PlaceLast but not least part of marketing mix is the place of the product where adidas will launch it, as we discuss before in marketing segmentation about the initial location of distribution is UK. Place involves all distribution channel, location of distribution and the method of the distribution and it is important to fulfil the availability of the product indifferent locations in UK for that Adidas can consult to their organised dealers and retailers for the product selling.Investment embody on Adi Supplement and its ReturnBefore launching the product companies always go through with(predicate) from the cost analysis and the product price, it always a crucial role to determine the right price according to the market and the economic view of the company (Shipley, 1981).Initially company will invest roughly around 130 million pounds to make the product successfully moving in the market.As the product will be som ething that will be focused on a specific target group the price of the product will be sensible and affordable, with each box containing 750g Powder based supplement and costing around 25.Cost pricingYear 1The expected cost for the product is 25 per box and the contribution sales for next five years is as followsAdidas should get return of its investment as followsThis product will cover its cost with in 3 years and 7 months. And margin of the product can be increase if the product will be launched before the Olympics games in 2012 in London.ReferencesAaker, D. A., R. Batra and J.G. Myers (1992) Advertising Management, New York Prentice-Hall.Adidas Group. (2009). leveraging opportunities across our brand portfolio unattached http//www.adidas-group.com/en/overview/strategy/default.asp.Borden, N. H. (1964), The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, June, Vol. 4, pp. 27. Available in Schwartz G. Science in Marketing. John Wiley Sons, NY 386-97. chocolate- brown, R (1993). Market Focus. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. 18,84-85,171.Evans, J and Berman, B (1985). Marketing. 7th Ed. New Jersey A Simon Schuster Company. 20,32-35,645-79,262,264-74.Igor Ansoff, (1965). Competing Strategy, the Ultimate Strategy subroutine library The 50 Most Influential Strategic Ideas of All Time.Philip Kotler, 1994, Marketing Management, Analysis, Planning, and Control, 8th edition.Peter R. Dickson and James L. Ginter, (1987). Market Segmentation, Product Differentiation, and Marketing Strategy, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51.Rick Brown (1993). Market Focus. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. 31-32.Ries, A. and J. Trout (1981) positioning The Battle for your Mind, New York McGraw-Hill.Shipley, D. (1981) Pricing Objectives in British Manufacturing Industry, Journal of Industrial Economics.WHO/Europe. (2009). Nutrition and food security. Available http//www.euro.who.int/Nutrition.

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy Essay

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy EssayDuring the 1920s, philosophers and scientists had turned their attention to exploring the idea of nature types. It was during this period that Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung wrote his book Psychological Types explaining his genuinely detailed understanding of the process of Typology (the study and classification of personality types with common traits or characteristics). Subsequently, his work has been positive into star of the most widely used typologies in the world. Berens, L. Nardi, D. (2004)Jung was first to develop the system that apiece of us has our own personality type. He suggested that humans used dickens basic mappings in their everyday lives the function of perception, or how we take in information that is presented to us and the second function of how we make our judgements based on that information. He believed that within these ii basic functions there were yet dichotomous sub-functio ns at work. In the case of perception, he believed that we processed information either via any (or any) of our senses, or alternatively, by our intuition our gut pinch. Similarly, with our decision making process, Jung believed that we make our judgements based upon either personal ( prejudiced) feelings or impersonal (objective) logic or, in opposite lyric opinion.Jung described the perceptive functions of sensing and intuition as irrational as they do not evaluate as much(prenominal), rather they argon concerned with the innocent gathering of information and then perceiving the nature of something based upon the information gathered. He did not mean irrational in the sense of organism absurd or inconsistent with logic exclusively rather with reference to being removed from reason and judgement. Quite rude(a)ly, the judge functions, those of feeling and thinking were con gradientred to be rational. Both judging functions having opposite attributes to those of the perc eptive functions in that they very much evaluate experiences and they do rely on the use of reasoning and judgment.Jungs typology bears some semblance, borne from his study of mythology, to the Four Temperaments from antediluvian patriarch Greek culture, namely Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. Jungs model however, is considerably more developed and more complex. He theorised that each of us channels our psychic force (or libido) into each of our four functions of sensing, intuition, thinking and feeling during our normal daily lives. He then went on to suggest that we all apply divers(prenominal) levels of that psychic energy to the different functions.Importantly, Jung believed that it was possible to test, measure and identify a hierarchy of preference that an individual has regarding their personality functions labelling the favoured function as the dominant, the second most frequently used as the auxiliary, followed by the tertiary and then finally, the smal l function. This proved fundamental in the formulation of his theories regarding individual personality typology.Jung suggested that those individuals with a dominant sensing function argon generally governed by outside facts which ar received, as the name implies, through their senses. They will tend to go a cancel propensity to live in the present, seeing everyone and sensing all that is going on around them. They tend to be quite practical and proactive about their lives. Enjoying these traits enables sensing type individuals to be able to quite naturally adapt quickly to most situations remaining realistic and self-confident as they go about their daily lives.The naturally debate function to sensing is intuition. Intuitive type individuals spend far less time in the present, focussing their attention much more on twain the past and the future. As such, they have a aspiration to worry more about things that may play or d considerably upon things that have already overtak eed in their past and they are often blighted with unnecessary doubts. Avoiding routine, intuitive types are usually only very arouse in things that happen in their lives that are either new or unusual. Each aspect of the intuitive individual is the natural polar opposite of the sensing individual.Of the two other naturally oppose functions, the thinking individual would process information based on structure and functionality. Very intellectual in their approach, they would have a natural tendency to sever down everything using logical analysis to try to expose any underlying structures, patterns and systems. Evaluation would be based upon their intellect and the segregation of information into rights and wrongs. any(prenominal) action taken by a thinking type individual tends to proceed from intellectually based motivation. A frustrating aspect of the naturally thinking type is that they do not place a great deal of importance on getting to the bottom of arguments or quarrels. Thinking types are natural opposites to feeling types and as such, usually have trouble talking openly about their feelings and are relatively emotionally frigid.Jung regarding feeling as an evaluative function, the feeling individual generally being governed by the value associated with the things drawn to them through their feelings. Feeling types are more promising to be interested in other mint and other peoples feelings rather than their own. They see things not as right or wrong like thinking types do, but more like honorable and bad, they tend to have a more ethical evaluation process. Feeling types tend to pay a lot of their attention to love and passion and put up easily use their emotions consciously or unconsciously to manipulate people or situations. They also have a tendency to be very substantially tactile.Jung posited that the dominant function was very important to each individual and over tail ended all of the other functions when it came to constructing a personality type. He also suggested that improving our awareness of all of the four functions within ourselves, be they dominant (conscious) or inferior (unconscious), was very important in helping us to develop a healthy, balanced existence. He went on to suggest, unsurprisingly, that if any functions were unduly repressed, or not receiving enough psychic energy, this would ultimately lead to problems that would almost certainly arise sooner or later on in a persons lifetime.Jung was very much into the idea of psychic energy and its constant shifting within our psyche. He was of the opinion that we all use psychic energy and as individuals, we consciously and unconsciously channel our psychic energy both internally and out into our external world.The Society of Analytical Psychology website tells us that Jung drew on the work of the philosopher Nietzsche and the psychologist William James in his development of typology(2006) resulting in two very different and opposing attitudes w hich also contribute to our character types those attitudes being introvert and extrovert. Introversion, where the energy is directed in towards the self, is normally characterised by hesitant, reflective, defensive traits. By contrast, extroverts channel or draw their energy from external sources. They are interested primarily in what is happening outside themselves, in their surroundings, other people or external noises. Extroverts tend not to enjoy spending time altogether as they naturally draw their energy from, and channel their energy to, their external world.Jung concluded that individuals either introverted or extroverted their dominant function creating a total of eight possible mental types an example of which might be an Extroverted Thinker.The healthy, balanced and best example of an Extraverted Thinking type tends to have a good sense of the facts. They are very adept at establishing order in all aspects of their lives their benchmarks are justice and truth, based upon what they consider to be the purest conceivable formulation of objective reality D. laconic (1936). At their worst, amongst other things, they are religious zealots or con men (or women). introverted Feeling would be their inferior functions meaning that anything involving artistic senses, quality time with loved ones and family and loving relationships are liable to suffer. They will tend to come across as cold or unfriendly but this will only be because they will be more interested in fact than how their attitude effects the people around them. In extreme examples, they will neglect their own vital needs and unconsciously compensate by becoming highly oversensitive, petty and wary of others.Once the unconscious compensatory process has begun, there is a danger of the collapse of their conscious attitude, resulting in their positivity and creativity becoming stagnant and regressive. In the very extreme case, the individual can start a recluse and/or misanthropic.Another exa mple of one of Jungs eight psychological types would be the Extraverted mother wit type. This type of person will react to an object, situation or person in a way that their response to the object is conditioned by the object. Sharp (1936). They are drawn to objects, people or situations that excite the strongest sensations within them and because they are still extraverted, they always have a strong sensuous bond to their external world. As Jung (1923) statesThe sole criterion of their value is the intensity of the sensation produced by their objective qualitiesHowever, it is only concrete, sensuously perceived objects or processes that excite sensations for the extravertHence the orientation of such an individual accords with purely sensuous reality. (p. 363)Healthy Extraverted feel types are great at finding their way around, reading maps and they rarely forget ap heightments. They are also neat, tidy and punctual individuals who love to socialise and surround themselves with t he finer things in life.The negative aspect of this type is their inferior functions of introverted intuition. In their natural world, the things that cannot be seen, heard or touched those things that are not fact are instantly treated as suspect. Psychic conflicts are dismissed as imaginary and changes in mood will be blamed on seemingly unrelated and trivial things like the weather.Amongst the worst traits of this individual is related to instances when their attachment and focus upon sensation becomes overwhelming and consuming, extreme cases result in unscrupulous, pleasure-seeking hedonists. In Psychological Types, In relation to Extraverted Sensing types, Jung states that repressed intuitions begin to avow themselves in the form of projections (p. 365). The projections open the door for jealous fantasy, suspicion and anxiety, typically based on quite absurd assumption. The more severe cases producing phobias and compulsions, although this only tends to happen very occasio nally More usually, the compensating inferior function simply im per centums a rather charming air of inconsistency to the personality Sharp (p. 58).A further type, The Introverted Sensing type is guided not by the intensity of the external object as in the previous two examples, but by the intensity of the subjective sensations activated by the object. They pay every attention to what people look like, how they smell, the sounds they make and how they feel rather than the actual person themselves. Introverted sensing artists, for example will bring a unique depth of life to a painting or scene. In extreme examples of Introverted Sensing types, the effect of an object does not penetrate into the individual (subject) at all. They are no longer able to distinguish amongst the real object and their subjective perception. They have virtually no rational ability to sort problems out and are more likely to have dark prophetic fantasies of what might happen in the outside world to their family or mankind Sharp (p.83)This type is also prone to becoming stuck in a rut or other bogged down in a routine due to their other functions becoming unconscious. Jung writesas soon as the unconscious becomes antagonistic, the archaic intuitions come to the surface and work their pernicious influence, forcing themselves on the individual and producing compulsive ideas of the most perverse kind. The result is usually a compulsion psychoneurosis, in which the hysterical features are masked by symptoms of exhaustion. (p. 398)Jung noted that just like the four functions, both attitudes of introversion and extraversion are present in each individual in differing degrees dependant upon the energy dedicated to them. Nobody is either purely extrovert or purely introvert, in fact, the vast studyity of people have a fairly well balanced mix of the two attitudes although one will always be more dominant and natural than the other in each individual. On discussing Jungs typology theory in her book Drydens Handbook of Individual Therapy, Windy Dryden (2007) notes thata neurotic defence is that of extreme introversion which manifests its narcissistic feelings of grandiosity that act to keep an individual from being involved in interpersonal relationshipsWestern culture is identified with an extroverted, thinking, sensation way of functioning so that many people feel forced to comply with this. If this respectfulness becomes pathological, they need to be helped to achieve a better balance she goes on to say it may be said that extreme extroversion can be as neurotic as extreme introversion. (p. 107)Jung said that extraversion and introversion are not mutually exclusive and that they have a natural tendency to self-balance through both conscious and unconscious processes. Therefore, a consciously extravert person will possess a compensatory inwardly unconscious introvert side and vice versa. Jung linked this effect to the repression of natural tendencies and the resulti ng unhappiness, hysteria and illness, so if the balance gets upset by repression (an unconscious action) our mind would seek to restore the balance in an unconscious manner.This leads us onto a key component of Jungs theory on personality types the element of balance. All of Jungs psychology was based upon balance, growth and hope and his personality type theory was no exception. As we know, Jung subscribed to the notion that all attributes of the four functions and the attitudes of introversion and extroversion appear in all individuals to differing degrees. According to Jung, as human beings, the way that we are able to cope with the opposing characteristics to our natural dominant functions and attitudes is by the balance of our psychic energy levels, which we devote to each part at any given time. As far as Jung was concerned, an imbalance of psychic energy ultimately resulted in some form of psychological disturbance, with neurosis over-emphasizing the individuals character tr aits.Crucially, that the four functions need to be in balance does not mean that they need to be equal to each other insofar as their psychic energy levels. Taking the four functions into account, our natural tendency is to adopt one, rather than the opposite. If the thinking function was the most developed in an individual, it would naturally do good from having more psychic energy dedicated to it than the feeling function (the other judging function). Being the natural polar opposite to thinking, feeling would then become the inferior function and would remain so for as long as thinking was the dominant function thus becoming balanced.Sensation and intuition (the two perceptive functions) would then become the auxiliary and tertiary functions. More energy would be dedicated to thinking and less energy would be channelled to feeling but they would all still, ideally, be within a correct and natural balance relationally. This balance is vital as our dominant function is actually b olstered by our inferior function, however we do only have a finite amount of psychic energy. If we channel too much energy into our dominant function, the inferior function can be at risk of being lost in the unconscious or the shadow as an expense, resulting in some form of disturbance.Our shadow can be described as our yet to be realised area of our mind. It can harbour potential personality disorder or, equally, it can be potentially creative. In therapy sessions, we seek to help our client to rediscover their shadow side and restore their balance. With this in mind, Jungs theory suggests that there always needs to be an unconscious counter-position to keep a balance within the functions. One function (the dominant) is experienced consciously whilst the counter or inferior function is experienced unconsciously.In the 1940s, Isobel Myers and her mother, Katherine Cook Briggs were drawn to the work of Carl Jung and were inspired to try and develop his theory of personality typ es into a more practical and usable instrument. They subscribed to Jungs ideas of opposites and crafted some exceedingly well thought out questions in order to force choices to be made between naturally existing psychological dilemmas. What resulted was a ninety-three point self-questionnaire that enabled people to be categorised into one of a possible sixteen personality types based upon their own answers to a series of carefully constructed questions.What the MBTI does not do however, is to detect psychiatric disturbances or provide intelligence quotients it only focuses on a subjects normal behaviour. Jung would never have approved of his work being developed in this way, however, if an individuals normal behaviour is naturally disordered (and therefore consistently so) it can provide useful indicators to potential disturbance-related traits. This underlines the difference between a psychiatric disturbance (non-constant behaviour) and a personality disorder (constant behaviour) . This is illustrated nicely in Dr Duane Dobberts book Understanding Personality Disorders where he writesWhile many other psychological disorders falter in terms of symptom presence and intensity, as with normal personality, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant throughout life, although they do vary in severity from individual to individual. (2007).As previously noted, if any functions are being unduly stifled through lack of psychic energy either consciously or by design, this is expected to lead to problems that will arise at some point in the individuals adult life. An example where we may be likely to see attest of this is when a parent or guardian continually forces certain uncharacteristic behaviours upon their children, or when adults consciously inhibit their own feelings. In doing this, they are going against what is natural for the oppressed individual and it will probably eventually lead to some form of psychological disturbance. We also often see evidence of peoples unconscious mind reverting from unconscious to conscious behaviour when they are stressed or under the influence of alcohol.As far as psychological problems are concerned, many are characterized by a lack of control in certain situations. Often, the lack of control is only part of a large pattern of behaviour, such as substance abuse problems or sexual disorders. There are however, several psychological disorders that are defined primarily by a loss of control and these would include instances of Domestic Violence, Pyromania and Pathological Gambling.Studies have been performed to try to ascertain if there is any form of notable relationship between certain personality types and certain psychological disturbances. A psychiatric study in the University of Carolina by Janowsky, Morter Tancer (2000) was carried out whereby a group of sixteen patients with diagnosed Social phobic neurosis were compared to a group of twenty-four hospitalized patients suffering wit h Major Depressive Disorder. Both groups were compared to a control group of a normative population comprising of nearly fifty-six 1000 individuals. Each subject underwent the MBTI survey and results stated that Social phobia patients were significantly introverted (93.7%) as opposed to the normative population group (46.2%). Notably, the Social Phobia patients also scored significantly more introverted than the Major Depressive patients, although the Major Depressive patients still scored as introverted. One conclusion drawn from the study was that introversion is a major component of Social Phobia, if nothing else this observation almost certainly has therapeutic significance.The fact that Carl Jungs psychological types structure continues to provide the basis of many of the leading psychometry systems and instruments in use today, including Myers-Briggs, is testimony to the enduring relevance and value of Jungs work. Whether it may ever be developed so that we may detect person ality disorders in front they become apparent will remain to be seen. Ethically, if we got to that stage, who knows how such a test may be exploited? Maybe it would be best if we never found out.

The Consumer/Survivors Movement Essay -- Mental health,Psychiatry, Res

MethodsThis paper focuses on the current initiatives and electronic/ paper resources created to further the claims of the Consumer/Survivors movement. The search of my data included searches including, C/S/X, amiable wellness consumers movement, MAD compliment, anti-psychiatry, moral health movements. I chose articles and websites based on their relevance to the Consumer/ Survivor movement which included information provided by consumers themselves and their allies (organizations and/ or individual/ groups that were pro C/S/X movement.) First, I researched articles, both from peer reviewed journals, periodicals, websites written by allies of consumers about the C/S/X, their motives, views etc to snuff it obtain some background information about the movement and look into other sources of information. Next, I collected information from ally organizations such as CAMH and corporation Resources Toronto. These site provided information about the activities of some of the C/S./X groups including resources that were available to them and created by them. some of the resources included community bulletin, community program evaluations ( which looked into the effectiveness of the resources provided to mental health consumers. ) Third, I looked into personal websites, YouTube videos, blogs, and books about survivors and/or consumers experiences within the mental health system. Many of the searches resulted in experiences around psychiatry. Finally, I looked at sources pertaining to the MAD pride movement including their website, bulletins, YouTube channel, MAD zines ( MAD pride magazines), newspaper articles written by individuals within the MAD movement. I particularly paid specific attention to their kick statement, activities within t... ...llness. A Report on the Fifth International Stigma Conference . June 46, 2012. Ottawa, Canada qldalliance ( Jan21 ,2008. ) Visions Retrieved From http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=0w89Rh9pCIkRosen, G. (1968) Madness in Society. New York harper Torchbooks,Schrater,S., Jones,N., and Shattell, M. (2013)Mad Pride Reflections on Sociopolitical Identity and Mental Diversity in the Context of Culturally CompetentPsychiatric Care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 34. 6264.Shea, P. B. (1999). define madness (No. 12). Hawkins Press.Thornicroft, G., & Tansella, M. (2005). Growing recognition of the importance of service user involvement in mental health service planning and evaluation. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 14(01), 1-3.Wahl, O. F. (1999). Mental health consumers experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 467-478.

Sterling Engines :: physics sterling engine

The Sterling heat engine was invented by Robert Stirling in 1816. He was a rever stopping point in the Scotland who strengthened heat engines in his home workshop. His Heat Economiser was patented in 1816. The engine incorporates ideas of blushing(a)uced fuel consumption compared with the current steam engines.Further schooling to the engine happened when his younger brother suggested using pressurized gas as the working fluid. Additional patents in 1827 and 1840 were for improvement to the design.A closed cycle with external thaw engine that has a military force piston, a displacer to move the enclosed air between the hot and cold ends a regenerator in now called a Stirling turn Engine.Air in the engine is cyclically heated (by an alcohol burner) and expands to push the power piston (shown in blue) to the right. As the power piston moves to the right, the yellow linkage forces the loose-fitting, red piston (on the left half of the machine) to displace air to the cooler side of t he engine. The air on the cool side loses heat to the outside world and contracts, move the blue piston to the left. The air is again displaced, sending it back to the hotter region of the engine, and the cycle repeats.Stirling Engines work on a temperature difference between the hot end and the cooling fins. Any source of heat could be procedured. Refrigerant on the cold end may be needed for long term use or if the barrier conducts too much heat. On a finely machined Stirling engine, the temperature difference can be as low a just a few degrees- the heat from your hand can be enough to power the flywheel.Stirling Engines are most commonly found in waste heat retrieval systems. Power plants that generate hot water could be used to power several heat engines for no additional cost after setup. However, the power generated by these engines would be only a fraction of what the steam turbine is putting out. Set up costs are high enough that waste heat recovery systems are not too co mmon.Interests in heat engines may increase because they minimize the cost per unit energy being produced. For large scale power production, Stirling Engines are too expense to make. Given current energy shortages and rising environmental concerns, heat engines may become more attractive.The most common masking of Stirling Engines is water pumping. Even Robert Stirling modified his engine to pump water from a stone quarry.

John Steinbecks East of Eden - A Biblical Allegory Essay -- East Eden

easterly of Eden A Biblical Allegory In East of Eden (1952) John Steinbeck creates a powerful novel using biblical every(prenominal)egories. By doing this, he can deliver a clear message by describing something unfamiliar to his audience and comparing it to something more familiar. Set in modern times, East of Eden retells the famous story of the downf every last(predicate) of Adam and Eve, and the jealous tilt between Cain and Able. Steinbeck also creates many other fictional characters throug his novel, that capture a biblical sense and help portray an image of the vast confusion of life. One character that resembles a biblical character is Cathy Ames. Throughout the entirety of the novel, her character portrays that of a monstrous almost inhuman creature. ... just as there are animal(prenominal) dickenss, can there not be mental or psychic monsters born? The face and body may be perfect, but if a malformed gene or malformed egg can produce malformed soul? To a criminal, ho nesty is foolish. You must not forget that a monster is only a variation, and that to a monster the norm is monstrous (72). These abilities Cathy possessed allowed her to manipulate and control nearly everyone. Her inborn talent enabled her to repress normal emotions of hunch forward and thus posses many devil like characteristics. One being the manipulation of sex. In the second half of the story Cathy has married and unintentionally bears the lives of her two unhatched sons. Before arriving in their destination of King City, Cathy deviously attempts to abort the lives within her. He Dr. Tilson looked around the room. He stepped to the bureau and picked up a knitting needle. He shook it in her face. The old offender - the old criminal. Youre a fool. Youve nearly killed yourself and you havent lost y... ...ch children can spend a lifetime trying to decipher the expressions of their love. onetime(prenominal) later Adam becomes deathly ill. While on his death bed Lee pleads with A dam to forgive Caleb and bless him. Dont crush him with your rejection. Give him your blessing ... Thats all a man has over the beasts. Free him Bless him (602). Slowly and with much effort Adam raises his right hand, displaying his act of blessing on Caleb. Like all strong allegories, East of Eden draws one into a world of fictious characters that seem to take on a life of familiarity. The bible, which Steinbeck has chosen to build his novel on, is a book that interests itself not in causes, but in actions and their consequences. By creating biblical allegories, Steinbeck gives a new meaning to an old chapter. Works CitedSteinbeck, John. East of Eden. Penguin Books USA Inc. (1992).

The Theme of Freedom in Poetry Essay -- Maya Angelou Paul Dunbar Slave

The Theme of Freedom in meterWrite about three poems on freedom On Liberty and slaveholding (George Moses Horton), Sympathy (Paul Laurence Dunbar) and Caged skirt (Maya Angelou).I have chosen to write about three poems on freedom On Liberty andSlavery (George Moses Horton), Sympathy (Paul Laurence Dunbar) andCaged Bird (Maya Angelou). The full textual matter of the poems is attached. Ichose these three poems because the subject matter appealed to me andI believe that the poems convey their meaning very effectively. Uponresearching the poems, I discovered that Caged Bird was in fact animate by Sympathy, which accounts for the similarities in languageand imagery, as outlined below. All three poems deal with the subjectof freedom using the imagery of birds On Liberty and Slavery isnarrated as a human plea for freedom, and makes reference to birds inthat context, whereas Caged Bird and Sympathy both use the imagery ofcaged birds to explore the theme of loss of freedom. The symbolism ofbirds is used to depict freedom, as birds are essentially withoutconstraints in comparison to the limitations of humans, they havelimitless possibilities. When a bird is caged, however, it loses thatpotential and is restricted not by its own limitations, but the limitsset by another. This image is explored within the poems to depict thetheme of slavery.On Liberty and Slavery----------------------On Liberty and Slavery is an instance of a metaphysical poem it dealswith the concept of freedom using direct, personal language andcontemporary allusions. The troll used in the poem is taken from therhythm of Wesleys hymns Charles Wesley was the brother of JohnWesley (founder of the Methodists) and hymn wri... ...ten by Himself (1845)Sherman JR The bootleg Bard of North Carolina George Moses Horton andHis Poetry Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press (1997)Rice, A Radical Narratives of the Black Atlantic, Continuum New York(2003)Sapphire Black Wings and Blind Angels, Payback P ress Edinburgh(2001)McCarthy K bittersweet, The Womens Press Ltd (1998)Secondary Sourceswww.poets.org.uk (03/05/2004)http//docsouth.unc.edu/hortonlife/horton.htm (04/05/2004)http//www.christian-bookshop.co.uk/free/biogs/cwesley.htm(07/05/2004)http//www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/angeloum2.shtml(07/05/2004)---------------------------------------------------------------------1 Sherman JR The Black Bard of North Carolina George Moses Horton and His Poetry Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press (1997)