Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?Drawing on actual from the lectures, and using the conceptual framework of ontology, interpretation and methodologyCritically discuss the extent to which psychological theories and methodologies argon compatible, conflicting or co-existing.Matthew Belmonte lecture topic (social cognition) professor David Crundall lecture topic (risk taking/road traffic demeanour)Dr Florentia Hadjiefthyvoulou lecture topic (behavioural/drug colony)Dr David Wilde lecture topic (introduction to a qualitative approach to psychology, critical health psychology, out of body experience)Conceptual framework ontology, score and methodology.9TH MAY.Psychologists may be interested in similar interrogates, what makes psychology unique? What makes this a psychological question? What are we erudition nearly ourselves social psychology, different components of who we are (bystander effect). Developmental psychology, following certain methodologies (a blank state/innate/genetics/nature vs nurture) temper/individuality construct generalisations in similar stage settings what makes us the same? (nomothetic approach) The normative functioning state of behaviour (able to recognise abnormal behaviour) How do psychologists go almost field of operationsing what they study? Interested in the human being who you are? Social/society/environment the relationship between them all, how do they fit unitedly between the mind, behaviour and body (the mental state of mind, consciousness and physical aspect/body/ spirit as control centre?)Ontology what is the nature/ natural essence of the subject matter (what is the thing in itself?) What is it that needs explaining?Explanation (theory) how do we explain the psychological phenomena? Language needs to coincide with ontology. How well does the explanation match ontology? What counts as appropriate evidence to support the explanation?methodological analysis what methods do we employ t o test (support/refute) psychological explanation (theory)? Evidence to support explanation to confirm ontology. Is this the best method of gathering the evidence to support the explanation?What is psychology? Is psychologythe scientific study of the human mind (thoughts and mental consciousness)? The study of the brain (helps to perceive reality (function) essence neurological physical thing made up of neurons)? The study of behaviour (intention and action fit in)? A nous OF ONTOLOGY WHAT IS THE MIND? WHAT IS THE BRAIN? WHAT IS BEHAVIOUR? Is te mind the same as the brain, or are they different? Is behaviour the same as movement? What about intention and action how do they relate to behaviour?A QUESTION OF EXPLANATION HOW DO WE EXPLAIN the relationship between mind, brain and behaviour. How is the mind link to the brain? How is the mind/brain related to behaviour? Is it that mind, brain, mind and brain CAUSE behaviour?A QUESTION OF METHODOLOGY HOW DO WE STUDY the mind, the br ain and behaviour. Take into account of historical context?If psychology is the (scientific) study of mind/brain/behaviour then where, in all of this, is the person? ONTOLOGY Is the person their mind, their brain, their behaviour or all of these? EXPLANATION How are these related to each other in the construction of a person? METHODOLOGY How do we study a person?Placing psychological research in HISTORICAL CONTEXT to understand the current state of psychology, why psychology is as it is. The origins of some of the issues and questions that relate to psychology and psychology as a science. To better understand why these issues and questions have arisen and also learn from those who preceded us.FH Conceptual framework with addiction Ontology what causes addiction? Explanation theories of addiction. Methodology how do we study these theories?What causes addiction many theories try to answer this complicated question. Sociocultural perspective (people form addictions under stressful living conditions), psychodynamic perspective, cognitive-behavioural perspective (operant learn is a key role in addiction), biological perspective (addiction is a unhealthiness that the individual has no control over) Is addiction nature (a disease = biological) or nurture (social learning phenomenon)Disease model of addiction the individual has no control over drinking habits treatments such as Alcohol Anonymous is establish on theory as addiction is a disease because of genetic make-up. The disease concept of alcoholism (Jellinek 1960) The inability to control drinking. Addiction is a disease that originates from the biological, neurological and genetic makeup of an individual.Disease model of addiction where does the evidence come from? Genetic predisposition factors Animal breeding studies, whereby animals showed a taste to alcohol, their offspring also (genetic makeup) (Carroll and Meisch 2011, Weiss, 2011) Human twins studies (inherit genetic predisposition) (Legrand et al., 2005, Tsuang et al., 2001) Kaij 1960. Adoption studies (gives support to disease model of addiction) (Walters 2002, Goldstein 1994) Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology techniques. Abnormal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene in participants with substance use disorder (Cosgrove 2010 Blum et al., 1996) Disease model of addiction where does this evidence come from? Psychological factors the reward system or merriment pathway a brain circuit that is involved in mediating the effects of reinforcement and is fundamental in initiating and maintaining behaviours important for survival. Evidence from animal studies Behaviours such as consuming food and alcohol that we enjoy doing kick start the brain reward system Particular neuron circuits light up during entertainment neuron transmitter is dopamine (feel good hormones that give a pleasurable feeling from MRI studies) that produces euphoria and reinforces the behaviour to be repeated (how addictive behaviours are mainta ined and reinforced).Is the disease model the only explanation for our question? The most important causes of addictive behaviour are psychological in nature and not biological. Robins (1979) splendour of social setting on drug taking.Social learning theory addiction is a learned behaviour and is the result of observation and mould (social and family interaction)The individual personality traits (Sher et al 1991 Terracciano et al, 2007 Wilson et al., 2010) low self-esteem, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, vulnerability, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Is there an addictive personality? Other high risk factors permissive family attitudes to addictive behaviours. addictive behaviours by parents or family members. Low commitment to school. Early peer rejection (alienation), attitudes favourable to addictive behaviours. Early onset of the behaviour underlying depression, anxiety.The environment the cultural context and customs underpinning the addictive b ehaviour. Extreme economic deprivation (mainly for drug addiction) heroin is the ideal drug for the unemployed. Substance cost and availability the most substantive predictor of use and peer associations. Family interaction model (Baer et al 1987) higher risk through deficits in parenting, family tension, rejection, emotional distancing and parental alienation.The behaviour once learned, addiction is maintained through cognitive factors, expectancies and cues. Operant Conditioning (Skinner), Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)Examples of factors reinforcing an addictive behaviour positive reinforcement associated with the psychopharamacology of the drug (relevant to substance addiction), crucial importance of the role of the dopaminergic system (reward), the social aspect of the behaviour peer recognition, group identity, cultural norms etc. Negative reinforcement associated with avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, some drugs/behaviours salve psychological distress/trauma, relief of b oredom, coping with poor living conditions etc.Protective factors a supportive family environment, a caring relationship with at least one adult, positive temperament, a social support system that encourages effort.So what causes addiction? Is addiction a disease? Is addiction a social learning phenomenon? Can both biological and psychological theories explain addiction?How well does the explanation (theories of addiction) match the ontology? Do methods of gathering evidence support the explanation? argon methods compatible, conflicting or co-existing? What does this say about the nature of psychology?Stress, Family Environment, and Multiple Substance Use Among Seventh GradersP. E. Baer, R. J. McLaughlin, M. A. Burnside, A. D. Pokorny, and L. B. GarmezyBaylor College of Medicine. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours. 1987, Vol. 1, No 2. 92-103Seventh graders report using more alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis, singly or in combination, if they also reported having more stressful events o ccurring in their lives. This was the case whether the stressful events were of major simile Major life stressors had consistently a more reliable relationship to substance use than the minor irritants when the number of events that had occurred was considered. From a qualitative pointof view, the worriment of daily irritants retains an independent relationship with usage apart from the frequency of stressors and does so apart from the correlation of usage and anxiety. Family support and stressors independently relate to substance usage.