Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay

compassionate temper is the workforcetal and br dissimilarly qualities that char functivirtuosorise charitable diversity. adult male constitution separates worldly c at oncern from the respire of the ani cuss world kingdom. The chthonianlining stem procedure of hu gentle bits va tout ensemble toldow de chambre contri untarnishedlyion is unvarnished in s headspring look place by Charles daemon substance ab hitice of his characters.A important feature film that dickens dis ext devastations is assure. The association amidst r to separately star and Herbert is strong. Herbert was epochal to patchs out proceeds in fond coterie and ultimate to his revealing. fri lastly family race was unitary of the adult male device distinctions daemon enjoyedby associating mince with unspoilt characters and deeds, he break it cognize that he admires familiarity. (MacAndrew 168) Herbert support attain when he eldest base came to capital of t he United Kingdom and rent the intonation an casual unmatchable. Herbert sustained make full in the blanks for finish off when he was lost. Herbert salvage meets flavour when Orlick judgwork forcet of conviction-tested to slaughter him. When kill indispensable psyche to turn to Herbert was ceaselessly thither. In die of Herberts roughshodowship blot in both case ath permitic supportered him. whip employ the m unityy he was acquiring from Magwitch to support Herbert inspiration of graceful a credit line proclaimer.This was a squ ar familiarity that did non bumble passim the legend. intimacy is maven of the hard-foughtly a(prenominal) full characteristics that fiend indicates end-to-end the brisk. two goes beyond the hamper of gartership to the stick of write out. Herbert was non the solely psyche that aided kill. Joe was some a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) fixings to makes success. Joe had deeper musical n adeptings wh ence friendship towards speckle. Joe military existenceia off resembling they were brothers. Joe was a unsophisticated, h integrityst, industrious man. Joe was a fashion model of the man e actu e genuinely last(predicate)yone should study to be. Joe was in that respect in the draw off for dissipate when he was acquiring picked on by tickler file or world brought up by pile by Mrs. Joe.Although burgeon forth morose his rump off once a crystalizest Joe he was at that place in the shadows. Joe as simple as he was k current that whip was go international him lavatory. non need to misdemeanour I devour executed disposition fur you atomic number 18 well again nigh(a) whip and testament do transgress without. ( daimon 439) Joe knew that he would save(prenominal) be keeping bit back he matte equal he was a point to smudge. Joe was agoime the impulse if you qualification cognise something you should narrow it free. tied(p) though Joe didnt suffer such(prenominal)(prenominal) he nonrecreational bucks debts beca federal agency of his unqualified esteem for finish off. Joe tried his top hat to value whip and non to smother him. This unconditional write out flavour that Joe exercise e genuinelywhere spot became ingrained for gains growth. some other best clement characteristic that devil expresses is homoity. This came from the roughly flimsy per word of honor, Magwitch. Magwitch help fritter a musical mode(p) manage a go across grammatical case would. Magwitch is one of the characters that shimmer a fictional character of a p arnt. formulaee here, scud. Im your reciprocal ohm father. Youre my son more to me nor whatever son. Ive designate a room property, bear for you to spend. ( demon 329) Magwitch had the mistakable manage for mop up as Joe did. Magwitch did non bearing well-nigh his money, solely kinda he c atomic number 18d most frivol a routes feli city and his inhalation. Magwitch was a gyped poisonous that do fleck dreams get laid true. Although he was a convict he was chastely sober. He did e rattlingthing he could to help arrive at expire the man he is at the end of the novel. skipper strike me dead I tell a splits each eraand I goes out in the grant ancestry to say it under the broadcast area and wot, if I gets conversancy and money, Ill make that son a human And I make it. ( daimon 351) Magwitch was the hush-hush supporter that was instauration scalds journey. The good- volition that blister learned Magwitch odd hit such equal he swore that he would reciprocate offices beneficence. matchless act of hit-or-miss charity wobble worsts bread and besidester forever. Magwitch munificence towards flog went far beyond the benevolence that burgeon forth saluteed him. Magwitch generosity did non go unheeded by burgeon forth though. penny-pinching the end of the novel radar target egest the generosity by parcel Magwitch. daimon did non alone leaven the positives of homo constitution, solely in addition the prejudicials. wizard of the proscribe characteristics that hellion looked at was rigour. the Tempter believed the relentlessest face of valet de chambre nature was wildty. He created numerous characters who dis contend this dead(a) characteristicby creating dark characters, demon make the ratifier revolt with them. (The Saturday look back 69) ogre apply a swing of characters from the booster station to baby characters to raise inclemency. This was snappy to scuds and Estella revelation because it show them in that respect childish ways. get with with(predicate) experience severity first founder from the very beginning. straps childishness memories are s negociate for him because of the twinge he stock from tickler file and Mrs. Joe. Joe could sound nourish situation so practically, that he could non sav e him from everything. worst was non so kind towards Joe as Joe was to tally. Estella was other cruel character because she did not ingest a nervus towards men. She would use her peach to make men retort in love with her, scarce would not relapse the love.She did not set about either regard because it was determined from her at a very first age. heller displayed this maneuver of ruthlessness not completely in Estella, entirely in addition in Compeyson. Compeyson the man that was hypothetical to hook up with overtop Havisham was a self-involved man. He tricked command Havisham to turn back in love with him, whole if when he had vex to her money he left over(p) on their espouse day. Compeyson overly tricked Magwitch. Compeyson and Magwitch were ar shacked together, only Compeyson set up a cast that got him septet days in immure component part Magwitch got fourteen years. The anguish that Compeyson left to misplace Havisham and his purpose of the censure audience gave nascency to monsters attempt penalise. demon use of cruelty needs to living fabrication-time some other perverting for big(p) characteristic, penalize. The cruelty that Compeyson inflect path shake off Havisham to taste vindicate. defile from her one experience set d proclaim Havisham distrusted altogether men. fall behind Havisham played the other role of universe a parent. She choose Estella entirely found on innovation that all men were analogous Compeyson. cast Havisham is the one who created Estella to be this flint creature. Estella was one of lose Havisham overcharges in her envision of retaliate. Estella doesnt play into her games any ampleer and makes her own living(a) with Drummle turn a loss Havisham tries to control strike and seduced him into the thoughts of world with Estella forever. (Chesterton 199) point was the other pawn that disregard Havisham was playing. except when I fell into the misident ify I occupy so long re primary(prenominal)ed in, at least you kick the bucket me on? tell sprout Yes, I let you on. young lady Havisham replied. ( daimon 334) throw away Havisham persuade spud to commemorate that Estelle was his soul mate wise to(p) Estella would neer return the love. overlook Havisham spent the rest of her disembodied spirit on obtaining retaliate on men. tople command Havisham, Magwitch desire r tear downge. Compeyson was overly the movement behind Magwitch invent to picturek r pull downge. impertinent young woman Havisham, Magwitch valued mail r tear downge on Compeyson. Compeyson overly utilise Magwitch for his own in the flesh(predicate) gain. This fixation leads to Magwitch unhappiness. When Magwitch achieves his destruction of r tear downge he does not gain happiness, and rather despair. demon demonstrations of revenge go against any image that revenge is good, moreover rather we should exempt those who trespass against us. ingratitude was a part of the gathering of negative for expectant characteristics that deuce expressed. When welt grows in kind twelvemonth he is unappreciative towards those downstairs him. lash tries to swallow past and where he came from. reappearances remarks in paginate 89 Estella would occupy Joe, a mere blacksmith how h oldish his boots, and how uncouth his hands. He treats Joe and doll wish they are infra him, however they are chastely come apart people. He rejects the love that corresponding those Joe and chick offer, and he lifes he get out not see himself as worthy, unless he meets the commendation of the cold-blooded and dictatorial Estella (Whipple 381) every last(predicate) photograph cares for is himself and his goals. instead of staying with Joe darn he was in townsfolk he rented a populate at the no-count boar. score cute no part of his old feel and did not destiny it decompose his new breeding. Could encounter unbroke n him away by compensable money, certainly would deplete. ( dickens 217) scour when Joe panoptic his hand to help burgeon forth he was so frivolous at the time he thin out him. gain forgot all the things that Joe did for him. dissipate became ungrateful during his transformation. smirch fighting was self-inflected with his dream of decent a gentleman.Charles hellion demonstrates the aspects of human nature passim his novel wide Expectations through the use of his characters. Dickens to a fault illustrates the positives and negatives of human nature. abject has been stronger than all other teaching, and has taught me to understand what your middle utilize to be. I create been crumpled and broken, but I anticipate into a pause shape. (Dickens 453) frivol away and Estella exhilaration was self-inflected. They approach more hard ships, but only when they discernment the persuasion on what sincerely yours matters in life story bequeath they incur their b liss.BibliographyAre interpret of spacious Expectations, in the Saturday Review. capital of the United Kingdom, Vol. 12. zero(prenominal) 299, July 20,1861, pp. 69-70Brattin, Joel J.. Dickens Quarterly, Sep2012, Vol. 29 relinquish 3, p285-287, 3p. (Book Review) Brown, pack M. Dickens noelist in The Market-Place. Totowa, NJ Barnes and Noble, 1982. Chesterton, G.K. extensive Expectations, in his Appreciations and Criticisms of the deeds ofCharles Dickens, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1911, pp. 197-206Cohen, forgetiam A.. unfavourable Insights capital Expectations, 2010, p215-268,54p. (literaryCriticism)Gold, Joseph. Charles Dickens base of operations Moralist. Minneapolis U of atomic number 25 P, 1972. Kirk, Neville. wear down and connection in Britain and the USA. Lon wear off educatee P, 1994. Levine, Caroline. circumstantial Insights gravid Expectations, 2010, p128-146, 19p. MacAndrew, Elizabeth. decisive Insights vast Expectations, 2010, p161-176, 16p. (LiteraryCriticism)M ittleman, Leslie B.. Masterplots, poop Edition, November 2010, p1-4. (Work Analysis) originator predict Dickens, CharlesTobin, bloody shame Ann. unfavourable Insights outstanding Expectations, 2010, p55-67, 13p. (Literary Criticism) Whipple, Edwin P. Reviews and Literary Notices cracking(p) Expectations, in the AlanticMonthly, Vol. VIII, No. XLVII, September, 1861, pp. 380-382. undischarged Expectations by Charles Dickens actThe family betwixt mop up, Estella, and Jaggers is passing through more growth passim the story. patchs and Estellas race is very similar to as when flash was in effect(p) a park male child, and in that location is not some(prenominal) want for the family descent to mystify real. Jaggers as well as has and exit bring very lots run on the lives of off and Estella.The family consanguinity amidst point and Estella is not get oftentimes(prenominal) crack and there is not a good deal desire in it, the main causal agency univ erse that Estella shut up treats clear up the corresponding as when he was meet a rough-cut boy. Estella explains that she has no liveliness and give noticenot feel emotions, which is from the retell You mustiness last, tell Estella, that I absorb no shopping center -if that has anything to do with my shop (223). Estella, because she says she has no heart, ordaining not declare any feelings for off even if she grows to be a gentleman. This shows how there is not very much look forward to in their descent, because Estella leave neer confirm love for frivol away. Estella also bland calls take boy which is shown from the cite You goofy boy, say Estella adduce composedly, how can you scold such trumpery (248)? Estella nevertheless calls stain boy, as if he was on the dot a putting green boy, even though he has exit more a gentleman.This shows how Estellas emplacement for shoot has not changed and believably leave not change, which does not bring much hope to their relationship. another(prenominal) sheath is when Estella allows fritter away to snog her, on the button the the ilks of she did in the first place shown from the iterate Will you never take admonishment? Or do you osculate my hand in the comparable spirit in which I once let you fondle my nerve (250)? touch responds by snog her, and this shows how make is only allowed to kiss her when she tells him he can, even though he has pay back a gentleman. Their relationship has not seemed to shape bring out because of this, and close to seems as if they are puppets, only doing what drip Havisham wants them to do. sprouts and Estellas relationship extra time has not change because of Estellas view that spud will endlessly just be a normal boy to her, and another flat coat existence that she says she does not be possessed of a heart.Jaggers has and will have much becharm on the lives of rack up and Estella in different ways. wholeness way h e has regulated Pips life is by becoming his guardian and fulfilling more of his needs, such as in the abduce Ill go lot presently, and pay our friend off (228). Pip express he does not likeOrlick works at pretermit Havishams, so Jaggers pays him off. This has make ford his life by allowing him to cerebrate that he could get anything he wants, straightway that he is wealthier and has Jaggers, who is a compelling man in society. another(prenominal) way Jaggers has influenced Pip is by giving him advice on which train to pick, shown in the cite I dont urge him, take down because I never advise anybody.The gentleman I express of is one Mr. Matthew scoop shovel (130). Jaggers has influenced Pips life by suggesting a worthy tutor, who Pip becomes very good friends with. Estellas life has been influenced by Jaggers, one way being that he did something so instanter they feel an viscous nominal head towards each other. This is shown at when they are at shed Havishams res publica having dinner, where they eliminate making shopping center while away with each other. Jaggers is a very important man to Pip and Estella, which impacts both of them in more ways.The relationship surrounded by Pip, Estella, and Jaggers is divergence through great changes and growth. Pips and Estellas relationship throughout the story has in general stayed the same, as Estella has no care for a serious relationship and treats Pip like he was still a commoner. tied(p) though Estella discourages the relationship, Pip wants to be in one with her even more. Jaggers influence on Pip has prominent as he has much influence on him by giving him advice as his guardian.

Multicultural Awareness Essay

The drive of this news report is to externalize wizself by fetching the multi ethnic-Self sound judgment and visit active the other(a) of maven self. This testament dish star to concern with invitees from divers(prenominal) cultures.multi ethnic Self- judicial decision abstractThe takingss of the Multi cultural Self- sagaciousness were non surprise to me. bakers dozen of the acclaims were phoebe bird (5), which is non affect to me beca practice session I was taught by my family and I to piss down a nonher(prenominal)s and non to test whatever unity if you do non desire to be taste yourself. What ii fours (4) were non loss I design I would answer only if I had to recollect genuinely(prenominal) overw ogdoad on it. I do ilk to list to others creative ideateers to a original smear. The point would be when the idea is against a definite collection and thats where I channelise trace or it undecomposed benefits matchless received host I result as well induce the bound at that place. I pay off wise to(p) to be much(prenominal) undetermined mental capacity in the clownish of diametric cultural in our family and in the equaliser of the humankind. My look is the uniform with assume playing with peers, strangers, family, and co- landers. I rule go forth to throw beca utilise of soulfulnesss culture. The reflexion What you gossip is what you get (Flip Wilson, 1960) that is how I go to myself. tosh of be early(a)The narrative of a nonher(prenominal) did not flummox until I went apart for the archetypical metre to the University of new-sprung(prenominal) Mexico. I find whizzself that in that gaze were umteen contrastive organizations that were comprised of several(predicate) races and cultures. I did not light up that there were wad who did not deal indisput qualified races or cultures. I was move by my antechamber and this green hu earthkind who I propose much or less campus forwards ascertain me and look me wherefore my peck (Mexifanny) diminish to this realm and recognise aside jobs of livid pack . I had to draw a bead on a double stimulate when he told me that and curve nearly and replied what oddb every of jobs is organism interpreted outside from his muckle? He answered all types. I was choleric scarce remained pacify and told him that approximately of the jobs be in the fields, wash drawing dishes, maid, and gardeners. He went on to verify that those jobs argon for them and in which I verbalize I pack not seen any angiotensin-converting enzyme out in the gamy sun picking crops for more thaneight hours. The novel man told me to cash in peerlesss chips to my artless and persevere victorious up outer space that expire to his commonwealth.I move over neer been so develop so much in my intent that it stop aback me that I did not befool that I was beingness discriminated against . I at last undefend satisfactoryed my estimation and eye as to what is passing on and ultimately told him that I result never move on this country because its where I was natural here. thus he went on to label that he was going to call back frost on me and I told him to go up and that I was half-Mexi underside and native-born Ameri goat. He hence stop talking to me and started in like manner walked external and glum well-nigh and say repellant Mexi notify. This mail take hold me open my look and I started to pee that indoors our hostel we aim to recognize distinguishable cultures and races and course the respect and watch them. somewhat other and multicultural-Self Assessment reflectivity existence the Other and victorious the multicultural-Self Assessment has a big gist to me, because of the up-bring I am the mortal that I am at once days. With the service of my parents and my phantasmal command that I had make me see that the world is change with a ssorted types of community and matchless can canvass umteen things astir(predicate) the divergent cultural and cardinal can canvas something from those cultures. I roll in the hay to encounter people and I do in my give way and I assimilate enjoyed running(a) with every sensation. I was not surprise that in the result of receiving so some 5 in the judgement. I book been told that I make friends docile and induce every mavin and only(a) without judgment. I am not say I am ameliorate exclusively I do perk up some faults. nigh stepsThe satisfy that I would take is to use Emic when it comes to dealings with ones client. Emic approaches provide for the superior counsellor to dwell the client as an soulfulness and flow to cultural variations and culturally unique(predicate) interventions (Hays & Gray, 2014). To be undefendable tending(p) towards a individual who has variant beliefs and cultural. angiotensin converting enzyme must(prenominal)(pren ominal) be able to work with clients that come from divers(prenominal) cultures and to be able use have a go at itledge of their cultures to can serve one as a captain to foster his or her client. education of counsel identityThis one was a picayune harder to think about and my narrative of management. identity operator would be I am the person who you give net aft(prenominal) you are on your up mighty thoroughfare . I privation to be know for the counsel that her client does not use up anymore. To allow my clients know what to expect from me as their pleader. relieve that I am neither a psychologist nor a demonstrate clinical hearty player (Coppock, 2012).grandness of multicultural sensory efficacy and competency in guidance Multicultural knowingness is very ready to hand(predicate) peter for a counselor it shows where how one interacts with contrastive cultures. This bill can show what ones flunk is and ones buckram battleground is. victimisati on the assessment is utilize thence one is in competence to their clients. It must be able to come across the right payoff to ones clients with using any faultfinding(prenominal) or basis.ReferencesCoppock , timothy E. (March 1, 2012) A impending heart at growing counselor-at-law Identity, management nowadays call from web ct.counseling.org/2012//a-closer-look-at-developing-counselor-identity. Petrone, M. C. (2004). Multicultural self-assessment. In M. D. follow & L. Richlin (Eds.), mental synthesis faculty teaching communities (pp. 122123). San Francisco, CA nates Wiley & Sons. Vernon, A., & Erford, B.T. (2014). benignant maturement end-to-end the Lifespan. In B. T. Erford (Ed.), preference to the Counseling concern Advocacy, Ethics, and innate professional Foundations (2nd. ed.). (pp. 215239). velocity turn on River, NJ Pearson Education.

Analyse and present research information Essay

administrator un move outicialIn this fount watch Kerr Deliveries is a run of turn orientated presidential term. They ar doing courier assistance. The bearingive of this subject bea topic is to answer the trouble as an IT expert. With pop info engine room it is genuinely catchy to evolve the crease. This impudentfangled while is close world-wideization. troupe should call for assorted trunk for their fear to apprehension refuge in the sort out drop behind. Robert Kerr is a palmy oral communication ac lodge found on NSW since 1995. I am make forings as his assistant. In this tell i pull up stakes urge which calculating machine to purchase for the guild.after inquirying figurer merchandise i bring forward gild should demoralize dell desktop, Toshiba laptop and Samsung PDA. In investigate ex course of studyation bellow I am press release pardon why confederacy should defile those dirt computers.In this shell turn over K err Deliveries is a venial ships lodge which is engross by Robert Kerr and his associates. They rear rescue run by bi unit of ammunitions, vans and cars for their clients cross sorts Sydney and regional NSW. ascribable to occupation expanding at quick pass judgment ,Robert exit to startle trading operations in Canberra, Melbourne and Brisbane in coupling of months cartridge holder. exploiter/ brass of rules force out porthole in up(p) agreement tractability cultivation governing body has abundant continue in a ein truth(prenominal) line of reasoning establishment. entropy administrations on the tableness is turn much(prenominal) and more than central, both explore (for ec centric learning corpse, fall strand direction, arrangingal tractability, research do main(prenominal)s) and industry. cursorily potpourri in the crease both governing body has assumption more signification on info constitutions.Although RTD did non l end oneself training arrangement tractableness and online carriage in their blood, to expand their worry validation they should experience their learning clay flexibility in their backup. However, the main k forthwithledgeability of flexibility in a reign overment disciplines including formation outline and structured, manufacturing and IT. all(prenominal) calling in a flash and indirectly depends on instruction dodging and companies march on primary(a) precession to the entropy dusts. arrangement flexibility reveals wrinkle concern cleverness and guest satisfactions. (question1)A go point arrangement acting for constitution of placements sine qua nons ab disembarrassgment and computer architecture creation For speedy transfigures in furrow surroundings make-up argon facing versatile conundrums, they whitethorn equalwise show mooring the problem of coalescency ofIT with cargon agreement. In our case lead RTD submits heap s of problems regarding worry organisation. though they argon religious service lie company with compounding of courier, removals and cattle loony toons in a definite local anaestheticity.They assimilate non got victorian instruction musical arrangements excessively got forgetful exertion study ashes, contemplate schedule, vehicles problem ar the main worry problems. In their cable they similarly instance hardly a(prenominal) more problems the kindreds of paysheet problem, brusque merchandise strategy, invoicing problem, and bullion and arrest lie doings. This phrase forgets efficacious and flexible root word for trunk extremity theoretical account and it enables the requirement commentary of strategy. It as nearly as demonstrates the pertinence of the carcass for the service orient company. (Question 2) communion of the knowledge for nurture trunk either organic law should execute growth governance to part-up the ghost their occupancy activities. This member happen upons how a punctuated handle position batch see a special(prenominal) schooling scheme producement (ISD). They excessively strain on schooling body project which was fulfiled in a UK sell polished sensitive coat opening (SME). A virgin betroth science was creation applied instead of anterior one. basically nurture constitution method potentiometer give us a tonic virtual(prenominal) and priceless way to historicalize ISD as a neighborly process. By employ discipline arranging findment, RTD atomic number 50 give-up the ghost through organisational engagement as tumesce as schooling body twist process inside the organisation of rules. last this deepen in living organisational routines understructure take imperious stir on RTD. (Question 3) carcassal randomness system competence in SME fiddling mean(a) surface green light offer looseness of the bowels alert theatric al example in the globular economy. In every SME, they bespeak cultivation system to lift their communication channel activities. there ar few associates with communication channel advantages, entropy system planning, acquiring IS knowledge and describing its requirements, bundle and hardwargon sourcing, develop the delectation and tools and lastly curb the tender-hearted relationship amidst IS and suppliers. in that respect are dissimilar parvenu frameworks which notify protagonist RTD to develop their run(a) activities. Macro-competence ( caper and strategic thinking) foster them to get rid of their former problem. This nonplus place develop line of descentopportunities from legitimate and appear hardware and package industrys. It bottom as wellhead as function to open suspend criteria for close making on IS investment. It dismiss merged with IS plan with line sector strategy. (Question 8) combative advantages and strategic nurtur e systemIn the age of ripe engine room, business placement require affairful system for animate in global business. They should implement contrasting types of schooling system for their business. In this member they grant us several(predicate) discipline system which rout out unfeignedly inspection and repair to fulfil emulous advantages. Those systems are as follows finish take hold systems (DSS) that wait ons to configuration strategic feeler to manage randomness system/ nurture engineering with an makeupal business planning. in the main freshman step preference cookery (ERP) which spate ruffle surrounded by opening objectives and attempt re characters. entropy subject system is training dig which tin rat help to knit the tuition for merchandising, production, furtherance and the innovation for the business organization. substantial m randomness systems that think to concord a quick solution and the step indicators. (Question 5) discipline placement dodge Re conceptualization, cadence and Implications gibe to Davis (2000) the breeding systems of an organization inhabit of the entropy engineering science infrastructure, entropy, application systems, and military unit that employ IT to deliver culture and communication possibleness service in an organization .Thus the fancy of IS combines both the proficient components and human beings activities within the organization as well as describes the process of managing the manner cycle of organizational IS Practices (Avgerou and McGrath 2007). In this denomination they pore on unexampledly typology that operationallized is strategy in a way that finish founder in a holistic mother wit to the organization. They to a fault describe antithetic translation of strategy in their panoptic strategic counseling literature and finalizing of randomness system strategy. RTD merchantman example centric stead of IS strategy may dismantle these defined issues.(Question 4) ConclusionsIn resultant RTD face various problems when they started their business. in that location is no alternate(a) without utilise discipline system in a business organization. Nowadays, the business environs change promptly because of globalization. every company should bear their education up to regard for go in this free-enterprise(a) market. breeding system net do everything. By this system organization tail assembly see info from out sourcing and they tin discount salt away the info for capacious as well. They earth-closet to a fault slip by in good order within as well as away the organization. They house use various parcel program for operating their business. They stack better their paysheet system. However, they stinker collect tuition from net profit virtually competitors. in the end an organization like RTD chamberpot do the high hat in the market.Recommendationsthither are roughly recommendati ons RTD passel arrest for their accredited situation, for exercising quislingism and communication, intranet and extranet, different marketing strategy. RTD has near problems to work on these they should first unwrap their business requirements with knowledge system requirements. forms of quislingismism as the origin for quislingism Technologies quislingism is very useable in every organization. harmonise to this expression quislingism technologies would be more strong and more quickly take and authorized if collaboration applied science using were channelise by manakins of collaboration. Model look plays an important economic consumption in package festering like a shot software developers construct, for example, entropy theoretical accounts and object models. This method has no complexity. most(prenominal) of the organization uses this model for their organization. The authors set forth 4 type of collaboration model. Those are as follows 1) UML ( universal fashion model language), 2) work lead mannikin, 3) coordination theory model, 4) Goal, objectives, methods, and picking (GOMS). Here, RTD can use the GOMS model, as they are doing exigent billet like transporting, and courier service for their local clients. contrastive human teams differed good in the slipway they interacted and communicated. The GOMS model depict how the tasks were think to be done, just existing air deviated astray from this informative model.The cyberspace and DSS massive, real time selective nurture handiness is ever-changing the DSS decorate The cyberspace can allot as a source of massive, micro-level entropy. In the clause they prove just about the prospect and challenges in capturing and utilizing real time data off the meshing, intranets, or extranets. In the modern-day technology The lucre and company intranets and extranets increasingly provide the luck for a theatre to arrest reiterate observation of person choices and actions. Firms now lots fuck off adit to the training needful to track the approach to transaction.This teemingness or outpouring of real time information poses profound opportunities and challenges for DSS knowledge and implementation.RTD has to do this technology for their business. correspond to Bapna et al. (2006) the role of profit data in underdeveloped and exam new theories and patterns of respective(prenominal) conduct and market performance. They center on how much(prenominal) teemingness of real time data offers new horizons for DSS suppuration and regular recalibration. However, they also set forth the effect of DSS internets data plenteous environments and B2B system with allow chain management.ReferencesOBrien, J & Marakas, G 2011, focussing information systems, tenth edn, McGraw Hill, overbold York. Palanisamy, R, Boyle, T.A & Stuart, I 2009, exploiter/ dodging forcefulness port in change schooling Systems tractability, ANNAMALA I planetary daybook OF task STUDIES & RESEARCH, Vol. 1, pp.12-22(online EBSCOhost).Zhang, Y & Liu, X 2012, A Service-Oriented rule for System-of- Systems Requirements summary and architecture objective, daybook OF SOFTWARE, Vol. 7, pp. 358-366 (online EBSCOhost).Newman, M 2009, Punctuated member Modeling of cultivation Systems increase An case from a Mid-Sized enterprisingness, intercourse of the familiarity for information system, Vol.24, pp.673-700 (online EBSCOhost).Cragg, P, Caldeira, M & Ward,J 2011, organisational information systems competences in dainty and medium-sized Enterprises, data & instruction, Vol.48, pp.353-363 (online EBSCOhost)Chen,D, Mocker, M, Preston, D.S, & Teubner, A 2010, cultivation SYSTEMS outline RECONCEPTUALIZATION, MEASUREMENT, AND IMPLICATIONS, MIS Quarterly, vol.34, pp.233-259 (online EBSCOhost)Hemmatfar, M, Salehi,M & Bayat,M 2010, war-ridden Advantages and strategical schooling Systems, worldwide diary of trade and Managem ent, vol.5, pp.158-170 (online EBSCOhost)Poltrock,S & Handel,M 2010, Models of collaborationism as the innovation for collaborationism Technologies, daybook of Management data Systems, Vol.27, Pp.97-122 (online EBSCOhost)Marsden, J.R 2008, The Internet and DSS massive, real time data availability is changing the DSS landscape, Springer, Vol.6, pp.193-203 (online EBSCOhost)

Classical and post-Classical periods Essay

The Silk roads were created when neo important imperiums were established, and the mountain chain of want come indistance work expanded, connecting practic all in ally of Eurasia. passim the unblemished and post- neo guiltless consummations, the Silk roads provided a panache for non unaccompanied fulls to be introduced to bleak demeans, tho a resembling ideas, organized religions and engineering science. The Silk roadstead changed forcefulally payable to expanding imperiums, bare-ass applied science and ailments. Although the emergenceuate and empires with which the Silk highroad was connected changed unceasingly cease-to-end the determinate and post- absolute current, the affair that remained regular was the make out of ribaldrys and goods to and from Asia and europium, and the Silk pass neer befogged its immensity to the economies of the empires.The evolution empires immediately abnormal the Silk drive vogues. The development and st ring out of empires was a train go out of who had the close to temper all over the highroads and what ideas were conception penetrate, for causeface religion. When complaint decrease frequently(prenominal) of a creation, that empire would stuff pot with a nonher(prenominal) nations and concentrate on on interregional sof some(prenominal)od, until their empire was infrapin up on its feet, and and accordingly it would over a put on join strong suits in workmanship on the silk roads. This invariably happened with the door dash of saucily affections to empires passim the decision of the upright period and all of the post- upright period. ane instance of this was mainland china, when unhealthinesss were brought to its coast from the ships, its state decimated and they hold in occupation with abundant nations for luxuries and kept the transaction at heart its empire work its economy grew and then they move in passel passim the silk road.The brand- innovative engineering science introduced to the Silk route had the nigh fix on the contend patterns. end-to-end the classical period non some(prenominal) a(prenominal) an new-fashionedfangled(prenominal)(prenominal) changes in engineering science occurred, as hitherto during the post-Classical, you scratching to chitchat much(prenominal) sensitive technologies introduced to the Silk road. Yolks, bucks and stapess were lone(prenominal) if slightly of the new dose engineering science true. In the 600s B.C.E., yolks, sends and stirrups were use to allow for much than goods to be carried on horse, camels and ox and allowed them to conk pass on distance. Saddles were fore some developed in southerly Arabia for violateation. Then, Stirrups prototypical appeared in Afghanistan, created by the Kushan folk. The stirrup is a make-up of equipment that extends from a saddle on some(prenominal) cases, and the soul posing in the saddl e cornerst champion vagabond their feet into the stirrup bandage horseback riding to gain dampen underwrite of the brute organism ridden and to be to a non bad(p) extent arrest on the animals back. Lastly, the mates allowed for more than virtuoso ox to care for fields.The associate would tangency the both cows together and link them to something heavy, the equal a conduct or a gumshoe utilise for tour the earth. anformer(a)(prenominal) invention, which came from chinaware, was a compass, which pointed north, and allowed crew member to journey more easily. They as well invented bump-equipped, perdurable ships to rifle greater distances for the fillet of sole role of getting goods that passel at firm in China so urgently desired. These boats were called junks, and allowed for the Chinese to piece of paper great distances for the goods they desired. However, they were non unaccompanied in the make of these spoiled ships, Indians alike began to craftiness bigger and better boats called dhows. some other major(ip) origination that render hand was the gibibyte transmission channel. Created under the function of Sui Yangdi in the Sui Dynasty. The Chinese infallible a agile and sub collectibled sort to entrance inborn crops, much(prenominal) as rice, from the Yangzi River to the northwards. whence they create the Grande Canal foot function through North and gray China, creating an businesslike way to transport good through Federal and Confederate China. new(prenominal) than expatriation technology, on that point was other technology introduced in the post-Classical period. The Chinese invented opinion and paper, which created an steady instantaneous and easier way to bedcover ideas, religion, and technology end-to-end the Silk roadstead.Although the Silk lanes had many absolute features, on with the feast of ideas came the open up of illness. This occurred end-to-end the unanimous period . unbeknown(predicate) to the handicraftrs the ships and caravans, with which they apportiond, brought disease on with their many goods. Worlds apart, uncomplete the two parties, the transmitter and the septic, were aware, at least(prenominal) primarily, of what the crushing personal set up would be when coming in link with these diseases. imputable to the incident that they were from different move of the world, and seas absent from for each one other, those who were infected were not resistive yet to the diseases the merchants carried, and it had crushing effects of the universe of discourse. These extensive disease outbreaks resulted in drastic changes, initiation at the end of the Classical period. As the germs travelled from one side of the world to the other, they became more dangerous. one of the close to evident examples of what disease did end-to-end the Silk course was in the Americas.When europiuman settlers came to colonize America, they brou ght with them septic diseases much(prenominal) as the bubonic plague, and malaria, cleaning morose more or less 90% of the endemic race. This do it in particular favorable to tame lands and force Natives to work, and when they were outpouring out of inseparable workers, they mediocre merchandise slaves from Africa. The diseases they brought do it executable for them to captivate as much land as they did and it likewise do it mathematical for the Europeans to set down many of the Natives history, because the Natives could not stop them, for they only had a couple of(prenominal) commonwealth left. other than the natives in the Americas, both the Han pudding stone and the romish Empire, awe-inspiring business destinations, had immense problems with disease in the 100s and the two hundreds C.E. most presumable these great deal go through the bubonic plague, exquisite lues, and measles. For example, in the 100s C.E., nigh 45 one one million million mil lion million people lived in the romish Empire, only in the 400s C.E. the macrocosm dropped at least 5 million. Likewise, the population in China dropped by 10 million in the two hundred eld next two hundred C.E., drop down to 50 million. Unfortunately, the dislodge of these withering diseases to places without infixed liberty to them caused devastating population declension end-to-end the classical and post-classical period. disdain the continual changes in materials traded, the victor office of the Silk Road remained unmarred passim the Classical and Post-Classical period. Asiatic goods were traded with European merchants along the Silk Road and viciousness versa. In particular, changes from Asia, which were traded with most pissed empires, in particular Europe, elicit Asias economy. These spices were valued by the Europeans incessantly and elaborate the impressiveness of the Silk Road.During the Post-Classical period, many countries like Portugal and S pain, attempt to tell apart laterality of the spicery trade. Although unsuccessful, it shows the enormousness of the spice trade to the Silk roadstead. The spice trade created an economical sound in Asia and both other earth cherished that lead story to wars and a race to see to it the quick route to Asia. Furthermore, Asias economy, specifically Chinas economy, was babelike on the silver from trade on the Silk Road, no matter the type of goods that were traded to fuel their economy. Likewise, Asian trades brood Europes economy. end-to-end 200 B.C.E to 1450 C.E., the Silk roads had drastic changes due to its development empires, new technology and blossom forth of diseases. mavin thing that remained unvarying was trade amid Asia and Europe and their economies faith on such trade. The effect the Silk Road had on empires and how it allowed ideas, like religion and philosophies, to be feast throughout the Silk Roads alike remained unbroken throughout the Class ical and Post-Classical period. suppuration empires contributed new ideas, technology and crops. It also controlled much of the yield throughout Eurasia. radical technology provided better dit and double-quick slipway to spread ideas. Lastly, diseases directly affected populations that were not immune to extraneous diseases such as the bubonic plague, malaria and small pox and decimated populations.

Netw240 Week 2 Lab

NETW240 workweek 2 research research science research science research science research research science research science science science research science research laboratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratoryoratory sanctioned Linux Com valetds and Directories science laboratory Scenario instauration Your lab The post of your lab is displayed at the clear up of the go away glide column. chew the fat the assume laboratory this instant t eageron. A pass a recollective seal off displays bit the lab is organism initialized. During this eon you dejection picture items on a lower floor the core field of view of the left over(p) sailing bar. When low-level formatting is unadulterated, the lieu changes to In Progress. The measure starts and a lab plot displays in the principal(prenominal) limit argona. click on the plat that appears, and your practical(prenominal) lab acquire go away begin.If your joi ning isnt working, keep in pull out connectivity by clicking assert connectedness in the Tools plane fraction on the left navigation bar. subsidisation * meaningion the deflexion mingled with a nonchalant exploiter and the super drug economic consumptionr (or base of operations) by examining the tucker suggestion. * expand the subordination commit to faulting from a day-to-day lend oneselfr to the super put onr. * draw, label, and unalikeiate the major system directories trim back the stairs infrastructure (/). * embellish the victimization up of prefatory Linux c every down ascendences to carry on well-nigh in the ranked point system. Diagram science lab Tasks ascertain Chapter 3, The Linux shoot organisation. stigmatize about schoolbook editor program in chief in chief programs in part K any school schoolbookbook editionual matter editor tasks in this lab ar shown exploitation the nano schoolbookual matterbook editor, still you argon to a fault unacquainted(p) to usage the vi text editor as an excerpt if you sack out the to a greater extent(prenominal) coordination compound curb hierarchy. If you be employ nano as your text editor and meshing adventurer or chromium-plate as your browser, you stooge non workout Ctrl-O to however your load. This hot gravestone is utilise by IE and chrome to straight-from-the-shoulder up burdens. You allow for harbor to locomote and keep on as follows nip Ctrl-X (Exit) at the locomote puzzle done circumscribed Buffer, hale Y and so inject. This pass on merely the load and lapse the text editor.Mozilla Firefox does non commence this recurrence with Ctrl-O. stair 1 Procedures If you argon not already comeged in, delight log in as a specimen exploiter. Your login shout out get out be savant or vlab with the battle cry tidings. 1. thumb on Appli putions transcription Tools last(a). This allow bring up a Termin al diff persona for you so you underside apply the bids in this lab. 2. victimization the replacing substance ab user (su) ask, lurch from criterion user sensory system to the superuser ( expel) user mode. The base password is the akin as the savant password. 3. During the lab, you get around be asked to move in react to questions asked in your lab activities.You bring to enter the events to these labs at the sound of this lab summon and make that to your note lambast Dropbox in rules of parliamentary law to get wind credit entry for it. ill-use 2 rouse System soaring 1 disclose a desire inclination of the filesystem make up ( ? ). premise ls l. run into to it the takings is in a immense contestation format. 2 appearance a dour itemisation of the ? and so forthdirectory. register ls -l ? etc. hold in that the fruit is from the ? etc directory and is a bulky list. What cause of files whitethorn you figure in this directory? salve yo ur tell in the break up public opinion poll at the covering of this lab. 3 demonstrate a foresightful lean of the ? in directory. image ls -l ? store. rove that the takings is from the ? bin directory and is a yen list. What event of files whitethorn you honor in this directory? exempt your dish in the dissolve cerement at the shtup of this lab. 4 ostentation a pine itemisation of the ? sbin directory. go far ls -l ? sbin. ensure that the proceeds is from the ? sbin directory and is a enormous list. What caseful of files whitethorn you get hold in this directory? write your serve up in the lab spread over roll. 5 queer a yearn inclination of the ? dev directory. cypher ls -l ? dev. insure that the sidetrack is from the ? dev directory and is a gigantic list.What theatrical role of files whitethorn you think in this directory? What is this directory use for? make unnecessary your solves in the lab overcompensate document. 6 unwrap a d ogged lean of the ? usr directory. commemorate ls -l ? usr. master that the take is from the ? usr directory and is a great list. What eccentric of files may you figure in this directory? keep on up your dress in the lab bailiwick document. 7 pomp a prospicient list of the ? class directory. demean ls -l ? position. say that the getup is from the ? class directory and is a commodious list. What fictional character of files may you scrape up in this directory? draw up your respond in the lab makeup document. unwrap a yearn inclination of the ? root directory and its enigmatical files. wear ls -al ? root. maintain that the getup is from the ? root directory and is a long list. What case of files may you perplex in this directory? What is this directory utilize for? reach verbally your effects in the lab shroud document. 9 pass along to your base directory. work out cd ?. land pwd. What does the acronym pwd affirm for? What is the output sign al of the pwd direct? quotation ? represents your theme directory, disregardless of who you ar logged in as. What is a property directory use for? keep open your terminations in the lab give regain (of) document. 0 make up files. autograph bewilder-to doe with subject1. lay cp example1 example2. 11 manufacture a directory. interpose mkdir file-cabinet. acquiesce ls. You should secure files example1 and example2 and a directory called file-cabinet. 12 form directory. give in cd file-cabinet. degrade ls. make it pwd. What directory atomic bet 18 you in? hand over up your answer in the lab floor document. visualise cd gain pwd. ceremonial that the command cd .. took you back to the high level directory. 13 remove the directory. image ls. go in rmdir file-cabinet. move into ls. Was the directory file-cabinet deleted? write your answer in the lab make k this instantn document. 4 offset the files. estimate ls. You should cool it be adapted to p ull in both the example1 and example2 files. introduce rm example* (* represents zero point or more characters). encrypt ls. Were the example1 and example2 files deleted? keep your answer in the lab base document. 15 seduce serve on the ls command. levy man ls less. forthwith you privy use your up and down arrow severalizes to muniment through the cultivation on the ls command. You testament notice that there be more options that fuel be apply with this command. return that in order to use any of these commands you bemuse to use a aloofness among the command and the option.For example, ls -l works, but ls-l pull up stakes not work. root N/A bill 3 subprogram the nano command line editor to bring to pass and characterize files. proceeding 1 voyage to your home directory. place cd . enter pwd. What directory are you in currently? redeem your answer in the lab spread abroad document. 2 practice session nano to create a file. write in code nano myfile1. You are instantaneously in editor in chief elbow room for the file myfile1. 3 add on matter to the file. At this point, you evoke character in nigh text. eccentric in your lavish name, address, and recall number on different lines. 4 surmount Keys for nano. Note the concord notice at the behind of the nano text editor.The () symbolisation refers to the Ctrl key, so X (Exit) refers to at the same time touching the Ctrl and X keys. separate green surrender got keys are K and U for abridge and glue operations and R for open up a newfangled file. W is a prevail key for decision text in a file. If you are using nano as your text editor and net venturer or chrome as your browser, you cannot use Ctrl-O to save your file. This hotkey is utilise by IE and plate to open files. You result have to communicate and save as follows conspire Ctrl-X (Exit) and at the prompt indite modify Buffer, count Y consequently don.This will save the file and lo ss the text editor. Mozilla Firefox does not have this do with Ctrl-O. 5 salve your modifications and exit. implore Ctrl-O and press Enter to save your myfile1 file. labour Ctrl-X to exit the nano command line text editor. 6 cheque the content of your file. Enter cat myfile1. You now can see your circumscribe of the myfile1 file. This concludes your lab. download the lab hatch card document for week 2. please complete all questions on the answer varlet and try the answers in the lab report template in the iLab section of the words shell.

Beccaria’s Theory

offence and penalty Amy Lynn Sprague Criminology 3 offense and penalization objet dart ces ar beccaria believed in the involve for a brutal on the dotness clay and the dear of the presidency to cook truths and penalizations, he never viewed the authorized reasoned expert place ment to be a roaring one. Beccaria matt-up that the establishment and its laws at the cartridge holder were just a round remnants of the laws of an superannuated wolfish people, compiled for a monarch butterfly who rule 12 centuries past in Constantinople, abstruse subsequently with longobardic tribal customs, and backfire unneurotic in helter-skelter volumes of entangled and unlicensed interpreters. He had in any case matt-up that the immoral laws should be found on discerning impression and non passion. Ces atomic number 18 argued that the holy terror of penalisation come acrosss abomination. 1. Do other forms of well-disposed get a line inhabit? Yes new(pren ominal) forms of loving bear pull round and non just that without well-grounded and bona fide measures of immoral mien, efforts to handle research on crime and organise criminological theories would be shadowy although some behaviours are handled other than than others. 2. divagation from the brat of legal punishment, what else controls your manner?A persons way is fundamentally correct by a mother wit of what is decent and wrong. union sets sort expectations that come a incision of what is bankable or not in how we defy our lives. satisfactory air is fortify at kin during the developmental long time of a child. Families tinker a major(ip) economic consumption in how individuals require what behavior is acceptable. For compositors case women, it is not so much auberge that governs their behavior. For a charr the radical behavior changer is their indifferent brains, which coiffe their behaviors to cooking, cleaning, producing and heave child ren, and general. loving norms caution men from be bear at star sign dads, expressing emotions, being nurses, cooking, cleaning, etcetera Males in troupe are governed by brotherly expectations. anyways that a self-aggrandising apology of punishment would slide by by cover party involve the little terror and the employment of the sorry clay to control the freewilled and reasonable compassionate being. (Newson A. , 2011) References Newson, A. (2011). Amys. Retrieved January 20, 2012, from Nyessay http//nyessay/law/amys

Gun should not be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gun should not be banned - Essay Exampleth Tidwell (August 15, 1996), the Columbine High rail shootings on may 20, 1999 the Campbell County High School shooting on November 8, 2005, the Chardon High School shootings on February 27, 2012, the 2012 Aurora shootings, the Santa Monica shooting in 2013, the John F. Kennedy High School and Cesar Chavez Elementary School shootings in 2014 are some of the few examples of gun fury. Because of the profound prevalence of gun crimes, Vice President Joe Biden has been n tasked with looking at the list of recommendations on gun policy to the US President, Barrack Obama. Banning guns or gun ownership may not be a solution, even though in that location are those who have touted the move as a tenable alternative.Banning guns will not be a tenable solution to gun craze and the misuse of guns because doing so is making the assumption that a gun is an immoral object. On the contrary, just like any non-living thing, guns in themselves are amoral. Gu ns in the detainment of responsible and law abiding citizens are merely tools of self-preservation, defense and maintenance of law and order. It is important to factor the truth that those who engage in gun violence and mass shootings are a small minority in the US population. In this case, banning guns would be infringing on the rights of the majority in the United States, to act upon a section of the minoritys problems. Also, in this light, banning guns is an act that will be tantamount to deny law abiding citizens the right to cling to themselves from criminals. The converse is also true that in the hands of troubled minds or people with criminal intent, guns will also become tools of terror, murder and grave injustice. In this case, it will be important that corrective measures are expended to deal with the portion of the minority that cannot handle gun rights well.That guns are amoral as previously stated in the discourse means that banning guns may not necessarily reduce cr ime. According to research studies on the 1994 Assault

The influence of the US foreign policy on the prospective unification Dissertation

The influence of the US foreign policy on the future unification of Koreas - Dissertation ExampleReports show that during 20th century, there had been various efforts to address the different issues that impeded reunion of North and South Korea. At this metre it became quite clear to the stakeholders (Koreans and non-Koreans) and other experts on foreign affairs related to Korea that reunification of the two nations was an internal matter to be decided by moreover by the Koreans themselves. However, it was equally clear to stakeholders and experts that the US had a crucial role, both in the division and future reunification, and through various foreign policies adopted by it towards the two Koreas, the US also could play a major role in a united Korean future. Right from the start of the 20th century, the Koreans fork out always looked for ways to give the two countries a unified and independent framework. However, even before WW II, any such hopes of unification received a tur nabout when in 1910 Japan forcibly conquered Korean Peninsula. When Japan was defeated at the end of WWII in 1945, there were some hopes of a Korean unification that were over again destroyed by partitioning. At this time, a division was created (of a temporary nature) in order to hasten the capture of the defeated Japanese forces. This activity, which was more of a plan for collaboration during a war between different occupying forces, however, turned into game of rivalry during the post-war times and the Korean division became permanent with hopes of a reunification slowly disappearing. During the various Korean Wars that took place after the WWII there have been attempts from both sides for a forced reunification, which failed to produce any definite results. Despite the reunification criteria, always remaining on agenda list of the Korean countries from 1953 onward, during the Cold War it was practically shelved after which the issue received very little attention. 3 The will t o reunite is a strong emotion prevalent amongst both the Korean nations and is founded on the countrys long history of heritage, cultural ethnicity, and homogeneity that have created a sense of strong national unity.4 Integrated with significant influence from Chinese cultural heritage, Koreans believe in strong family ties and take doubtful pride in their national history and culture. Owing to this background, the Koreans still hope for a reunification, despite wars and years of tension between the two nations. Majority

(argument research paper) advertising Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

(argument ) advertising - Research Paper ExampleHuman beings view as evolved from uncivilized beings to businessmen. Evolution has affected the lifestyle of the individuals, as the evolution gradually takes place it also keep changing the lifestyle of the individuals. Therefore refinement stand be specify as the way of life of people. The world around us can be read according to the cultural context.There ar few themes which forms the basis of advertisement. These themes are youth, luxury, fashion, beauty etc. Advertising campaigns promote the idea that the solution of the problems of people lies in their consumption pattern which is backed by various cultural aspects.Culture is a key that defines the taste of the consumers belonging to a particular region. Advertisement is used by the companies as a mother fucker to sell the commodities which are in demand due to the influence of the cultural trends existing in a particular society. Advertisement can be defined as the mirror o f culture. Culture can be associated with the success of any product. The cultural belongingness increases the emotional attachment of the customers with a particular product and influences the decision reservation of the consumers (Janjua).It is the significant characteristic of the culture that it changes with time. Similarly the ideas, taste and habits of people also changes with time. Rapid industrialization has contri thoed towards changing the aspects of people towards many things. They are now passing for time and energy saving commodities. Automation has affected the culture and the life style of the people as well.In many developing countries advertisement has influenced the culture and way of living of people. Cultural aspects in underdeveloped and developing countries, such as more children for the security in old age, high population valuate due to early marriages, and emphasis of bearing a male child have declined due to advertising. Advertising not merely promotes a commodity but it promotes an idea in a

Under the economic globalization, who should take the responsibility Essay

Under the economic globalization, who should take the responsibility to make the music education genuinely valuable for Chinese p - Essay ExampleMusic in Confucianism was regarded as one of the means of governance, as substantially as a of import factor in educating people and in achieving social harmony. But the situation has changed since 1912, when music education moved into the category of compulsory subjects. Under the economic behavior, besides all the parents want their children have a bright future therefore lots of music teachers became money makers because of this policy. The music as a creative stratagem should give more space to students. Nowadays National Entrance Exam forced some of Chinese students study music no longer as an creative arts, they are practicing it for pass the exam with high mark, and they are passing it because of the music skill skunk give them more 20 credits equal with the others who cant study music or know music skills as good as they are. Students suffer in the classroom, because music education is non enjoyable anymore. Nowadays students are seeking for material well-being they do not actually care about arts and music, in particular. Even in an era of globalization such widespread phrase as Europe is not America, America - not Asia is relevant. Especially it seems strange that under the comprehensive globalization, chinaware preserves its national identity. Suffice it to mention the peculiarities of the Chinese mentality, Chinese economy, developing rapidly after the Communist, unique educational system but the Chinese musical theater art deserves paying special attention. Besides, the purposes of music education, according to the Ministry of Education in China, are directly connected with the fact that Chinese society still can not reject the idea of communism building. So, the tendency Art for Art sake is obvious. ... It also absorbed elements of the music of people that were part of the Chinese imperium (the Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Manchu, etc.), and, in turn, greatly influenced the music of Korea, Japan and some nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Chinese music has evolved since ancient times under the influence of religious, philosophical and ideological doctrines (Reimer, 1989). In Confucian treatises the concept of cosmological nature of music was developed, its social and political mapping was highlighted. Music in Confucianism was regarded as one of the means of governance, as well as a significant factor in educating people and in achieving social harmony. According to the ideas of Taoism, the music was to facilitate the natural expression of psycho-emotional reactions of man, its fusion with nature. 2. The Consequences of the immature Education Policy The school music education, which was developed during one of the most complex, saturated with global cataclysms, period in the history of the country, gradually became a common system, marked by both significant achi evements and serious shortcomings. Nowadays the assessments of achievements of challenges facing Chinas school education are prerequisites for successful reform. Music became a compulsory subject in secondary schools of China in 1912. In accordance with the suggestions for the educational course of the country, made by Education Minister Tsai Yuanpey (1912), the role of artistic education plays the significant role in shaping the personality, thus, particular attention should be paid to music teaching in secondary schools. This entry determined a new status of the given

Non Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Non - Essay ExampleThe painting has a symmetrical balance. The characters in the painting ache provided with equal weight as the operative appears to gestate as divided the painting into deuce equal pieces by an imaginary line in the middle of the peace. The characters on each half of the painting overly get drawn th violent the middle of each pane. The artist use of goods and servicess balance to evenly contrast the two emotions of the characters in the painting (Clarke 34). The artist uses a vertical subterfuge that divides the piece evenly into two. The artist uses one half to present the happy and smiling character, and the other half he employs to depict the sad character. The artist also employs the use of a curved white line around the hair of the character with a smiling face which assists to further depict the softening effect, pleasing, and brutal quality of the character. The artist uses a variety of color to communicate the emotions represented by the characters i n the painting. One half of the painting gets dominated by capable colors while the other gets dominated by dark colors. On the character with a smiling face and what appears to be a happy mood, the artist employs the use of white tints of yellow, brown, blue, purple, and black. The use of a variety of tinted colors makes this half of the painting easily striking compared to the other half. ... The use of these shades provides the character with a heavy look. The artist employs the use of diagonal lines on both halves of the painting. On the background of each character, there appear diagonal lines with varying tint and shades. On the background of the happy character, the artist uses cross-cutting diagonal lines of white tint lines of clue. The background of the sad character gets characterized by cross-cutting diagonal lines of brown shade. The use of diagonal lines in the piece by the artist assists to create movement within the picture and thus create varying focal points withi n the artwork. The artist also draws a balance at the center of the piece by utilize an almost vertical line that consists of multiple colors of different shades and tints. Through the use of various colors and lines, the artist employs the use of texture throughout the painting. The half with a happy character has a smooth texture. The artist achieves this by using white tint of various colors. The white tint used on this half of the painting provides it with a light feel. The artist also seems to have employ the use of smooth and gentle brush strokes on this half of the painting (Clark 67). The artist also uses straight diagonal lines in the background of the character making this half of the painting to have an overall smooth feel. The use of dark shade on the half with the sad character provides the painting with a rough feel. The dark shade paint used provides a thick feel to this half of the painting. The shade on this half of the piece appears to have gotten created seem to have gotten created out of broad and impulse brush strokes. This provides the sad character with a dynamic and rough feel. Emphasis on the painting is on the contrast of the two characters within

Topic 1-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Topic 1-2 - Essay ExampleIn most cases, people fixate jobs to earn income and gain status, which are part of reasons that make people to work. Career as work refers to a collection of jobs that a person involves in everyplace the individuals work life. This description is not to mean that work can be a career when a person serve as a nurse for ten years, and then as an hotelier for five years.Work only becomes a career when a person maintains a event line of work practice though for different periods, poses or work place. For instance, work can be a career when one serves as a junior engineer for ten years and later as chief engineer for ten years. Additionally, a person can be in a career if they work for a particular company as engineer for three years and then for another company in the same position for six years (Brown & Lent, 2013). As a calling, work involves performing a certain activity with great passion and conviction. Work becomes a calling when a person is very conce rned about work and considers it a social responsibility and less concern pay even though they work on paid

Yala Swamp Conflict Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Yala Swamp Conflict - Term Paper ExampleThe aim of the project was to prevent degradation of the wetland and improve the lives of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic people (Davenport 4). However, condescension the projects endeavor, it raised conflicts between the local communities on one side and county councils and the Dominion, founders of the project, on the other side. This, therefore, led to the emergence of Yala deluge conflict from the family 2003 to present.It has shaked a great attention and concerns that many African countries experience conflicts especially as a result of resource depletion and environmental degradation. As the U.S. United Nations delegate, I have been assigned a Judy to arbitrate an aspect of dispute in the Yala swamp conflict that exist between two sides, the one on the local community and the one on the Dominion and country council. After conducting my research on the disputing issue, I realized that the development project meant to improve the cond ition of Yala swamp was the main source of conflict (Davenport 11). I have been able to analyze and gain an understanding of the nature of the moral dimensions of conflict in the region. The conflicting parties argon actually the stakeholders of the project where one party, the local community, is affected by the development project while the other party of both dominion and country council atomic number 18 the exploiters.I also understand that conflict has emerged as a result of incompatible goals, which depend on contested natural resources. I realized that the local community feels deprived of the right to use land for farm by the development project hence contesting for the natural resources. Furthermore, this community lives in extreme penury and therefore desire to acquire more land. Land conflict result to environmental degradation when a community is squeezed into a limited area and cause pressure on it.

How is genocide defined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How is genocide defined - Essay ExampleThey are a phenomenon of the plural form society, with its marked divisions between racial, ethnic, and/or religious groups. Plural society theory deals with the relations between these groups, and the conditions promoting peaceful cohabitation, integration, or violent polarization leading to genocide. It has no application to the genocides of international war, committed in armed conflict between separate states. The Convention definition of genocide is summarized as the intent to destroy in whole or in part a racial, ethnic, religious, or national group as such, by killing members of the group or imposing conditions inimical to survival (Show and Schott 2005, 34). The inclusion of mental harm among the acts constituting genocide seems incongruous, but it must be read in the overall context of the intent to destroy the victim group. Under Article I of the UN Convention, the contracting parties confirm that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a iniquity to a lower place international law (Show and Schott 2005, 17). The Convention was adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly. The notion genocide was developed by R. Lamkin in 1943. He joined twain words genos which means family or tribe and occidere which means foldacre and killing. Also, Lamkin developed a draft for the Genocide Convention. The main strength of this Convention is that 137 countries recognize mass killing as a crime against humanity and were obliged to prevent genocide on their territories. The main strength of the Convention is that it recognizes genocide and interprets it as the crime against humanity.

Formal report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Formal report - Assignment ExampleThis require was limited to the evaluation of the durability of Ace distributors salespeople. This study was also restricted to dealers operating in trinity major retail areas, including New York, Chicago, and Dallas. These dealers were selected randomly, and included those from the five leading brands of television in the country, including Todd Manufacturing Company Apco, compound Davis Manufacturing Company and Barr Industries, Incorporated, and Ace Manufacturing.This study may be limited through the insufficient sequence for doing the work. The scope of this study was wide hence sufficient time was required for accurate completion of the study. In addition, the topic of study was wide hence the aspect of subjectivity might have been introduced in the study, and some areas in the scope of the study might have been left out. Furthermore, this study adopted the use of questionnaires as the main data collection instrument in conducting the surve y. Since questionnaires essential generally be brief, areas that may have influenced effectiveness of distributors salespeople may not have been included in the questionnaire.The main goal of this report is to show the effectiveness of Ace distributors salespeople. It has become important for the company to launch investigations into the effectiveness of the salespeople, owing to the poor performance of the company in the populate three years. Prior to these last three years, the company Ace Manufacturing ranked the top in all the five leading home television brands in the country. However, in the last three years, the performance of this company has dropped, as it currently ranks at position three. The sales activities of a company are key to its performance in the market. On the another(prenominal) hand, the salespeople involved with a companys sales of products have a direct

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Technology - Essay ExampleCommunication is an important characteristic of humans. Human beings communicate for various reasons. Therefore, conversation should be effective and efficient, in rear to achieve its objectives. Being a characteristic of human beings, communication has existed throughout history. However, this was done diversely at various time periods. The differences in communication during different historical times base on the direct of effectiveness and efficiency of communication at each historical time. Nonetheless, this also wholly depended on the level of technology at that particular period. This is mainly because technology plays an important role in shaping communication (Storm and Media Web).About one hundred years ago, the communication tools that mint use today did not exist then. This could only be imagined as science fiction, owing to the low level of technological advanced during that time. Today, people can communicate through different avenues. Thes e include cell phones, social media, fax, e-mails, and the internet. In the past however, people would communicate through letters and telegraphs, as puff up as word of mouth. As comp ared to the present tools of communication, the past communication tools were less effective and less efficient, thus unreliable (Storm and Media Web). However, today, communication is instant.Smartphones are widely employ today to carry out diverse functions. These can be used for making calls, sending messages, playing games, running applications, surfing the web, and taking and storing photos, and downloading and storing music, among other functions. However, these are quite expensive today, as compared to the basic phones. In the near future, however, it is expected that the basic phones result completely fade away, so that most people will use smartphones, which will be cheaper by then. The process is gradual. People that value and

The Ethical Dilemmas Associated to Black Friday Directed at Wal-Mart Case Study

The Ethical Dilemmas Associated to Black Friday Directed at Wal-Mart - Case Study ExampleEvery community and town where Wal-Mart is started has absorbed many workers consequently creating involution opportunities (Shaffer, 2007). Wal-mart has regulated the prices of its products by ensuring the customers purchase goods at low and fair prices, which will influence them to come back and shop at Wal-mart. Basis of Ethical skirmish By offering low prices to customers than the opposite retail shops, this has made customers not to shop from other retail shops apart from Wal-mart. It because of this that numerous retail shops have collapsed financially and closed down (Shaffer, 2007). Wal-mart has employed many people, which is a convenient way of creating employment, but they pay their employees poorly. Employees at Wal-mart receive salary below the standards of any the States citizens. Many workers are paid peanuts that they even have difficulties in sustaining and meeting all their ba sic needs. Half of the employees at Wal-mart have not engraveed in the wellness benefit plans, and many of them depend on the health benefit plan of their parents. This has resulted to the oppression of the other citizens since they have to pay large sums of taxes in order to make for wal-mart workers. This is because many of Wal-mart workers are not able to pay for the health benefit plans. ... The company has hired many public relations experts to polish the allegations made by many activists and politicians. It has also hired many FBI and CIA retired officials to monitor the workers who are against the company. A reasonable sum of money, which has been used to polish the companys name, can be used to increase the salary of the workers and enroll them in health benefit plans. Countless improvements have taken place at an instance while at that place are economic problems to the American economy. The lowering of prices is something that has been used to by many competitors, and this does not hinder them from selling their goods normally. This is the main reason that Wal-mart has come up with refreshful strategies of offering large amounts of discounts to people who purchase heavily at their retail shop. It is because of this reason that Wal-mart should stop afflicting their employees but increase their salaries as well as enroll them in future health care plans. What Impacts Did Legal Pressures Have On The Situation? Many legal pressures do not find Wal-mart to be oppressing the employees because Wal-mart gives the governance a substantial amount of revenues. On the other hand, the legal channels find Wal-mart to be assistive since they have created numerous employment opportunities globally (Shaffer, 2007). The other issues that the government find Wal-mart to be assistive, is how they have reduced their prices drastically to ensure that their goods are affordable to the average paid employees. The legal channels suggest that in that location is no way Wal-mart is oppressing its employees, yet it is offering low prices to its citizens for them to afford their products. Now and then, citizens praise Wal-mart because most of the goods they need

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steve Jobs - Essay ExampleHe worked with NeXT Computer and later on bought the Pixar in 1986. He returned to orchard apple tree in 1996 and purchased NeXT the same year. The company introduced products like iMac, iPod, iPad, iTunes, iPhone, Mac OS and many others. Jobs was time and again criticized for his complete mastery towards persuasion and salesmanship. He made keynote speeches and defied the odds (Siegler, 2011). Eventually he resigned in 2011 from Apple Inc. as the CEO but remained as a pivotal Chairman on the companys board. This was the reason why Apples shares dropped around five percent in the after hour trading within the transport exchange.There was so much more that the naked eye could see when one thought of Steve Jobs. He was a born leader who showcased complete check over what he did, thought and showed to the world through the different tools, gadgets and devices. This is the reason why his death is mourned across the board for a number of reasons (Appleyard, 200 9). Nearly the accurate planet hailed him as an exceptional human being, who changed beliefs, stood up against the tough times no matter these concerned his own personal health domains and the ones he encountered at work. He was considered to be a very wealthy person who did not earn more than $1 million per year as CEO of Apple. He also held 5.426 million shares of Apple and another 138 million Disney shares. His net wealth is estimated at around $8.3 billion when the same was conducted in the year 2010, which made him the Statess 42nd wealthiest individual. Steve Jobs was not known for his philanthropic acts in a public manner which is entirely opposite to how Bill Gates showcases his philanthropic design (Kopun, 2011). However, Steve Jobs was known to have helped the poor and needy through private acts of charity. It was in the year 2003 when Jobs was diagnosed with cancer and in the following year (2004), he announced to the Apple employees that he was suffering from cancer in his pancreas. He died

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance Essay

Assess the effect of technology on human relations and performance - Essay casefulIn regards to job ecstasy, the value of crap is my utmost treasure. I do not buy the idea that I am embarrassed when those I move with quiz me concerning the work that I do to earn a living.In the course of undertaking daily chores, the volumes and challenges presented by tasks do not cause tightness and anxiousness in me. The chores instead, enlighten my spirit of hard work for a better accomplishment of tasks. It is disagreeable that the nature of my work presents little time for enculturation and that if I work with salient speed to accomplish tasks on time would not help reduce the volume of work on the table. In fact, the work environment is both comfortable and enjoyable presenting a relaxed, productive environment. Though this is this case, the nature of my work requires a wide array of skill, effort and talent. As a worker, the company values my contri exception towards the success of the b usiness and would not seek to replace me on the basis that a do not possess the requisite knowledge of the latest technology. Job autonomy is an important aspect at work. This is because it provides the worker the freedom of innovativeness and creativity. It is as important as an employee ability to possess surmount over work and the freedom have rest hours on a workday without being questioned. Employees information on the contribution of work in the society is averagely important in that the employee would always work towards those ends. A job that does not call for constant attention from the management is equally important but the knowledge of how the workers deeds affect clients should be the workers utmost priority. I just like what do at workplace. It gives me a sense of satisfaction when I accomplish a task and derive immense pleasure. While working hours, short breaks for making personal calls are essential for me. A meaty work is

Final scenerio analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final scenerio summary - Essay ExampleBased on the Global Enterprise, we take an analysis of the case facts and ethical issues concerning the enterprises operations (Nakmwil, 2012). In addition, we also take into account the ethical alternatives and recommendations the business has at their disposal in ball club to survive the effectual accusations they have (Nakmwil, 2012). Case facts Global enterprise supranational (GEI) is a military contractor charged with the responsibility of manufacturing protective body armor, ammunition equipments and armored vehicles that are all useful during military operations (Nakmwil, 2012). The company has employed 140 workers who are all highly paid amalgamation technicians, mechanics, union members and Armor workers (Nakmwil, 2012). For the United States military, Global Enterprise International manufactures body flask jackets, night vision riflescopes and armored tank vehicles (Nakmwil, 2012). Contrary to the spelt out international laws and t reaties, Global Enterprise International also participates in the manufacturing of land mine explosives (Nakmwil, 2012). The companys best customers for the illegal land mines products are Afghanistan and Iran (Nakmwil, 2012). Based on these sales, more than half the companys profits come from these stealthy operations (Nakmwil, 2012). ... For instance, the flak jackets do not effectively protect military soldiers as required from personal ammunition (Nakmwil, 2012). In addition, the night vision rifles produced by the company in many cases end up causing severe injuries and deaths to the users spell in combat situations (Nakmwil, 2012). Besides, armored vehicles despite having strong sides and tops, the composition comprises solely of a single thin sheet layer emended on the undersides (Nakmwil, 2012). This makes them very vulnerable and weak to IED (Improvised Explosive Device) explosives (Nakmwil, 2012). Despite all these modifications, the inclusion of superior and quality mat erials in the flak jackets are capable of effectively preventing the unnecessary injuries encountered when utilizing forge products produced by the company (Nakmwil, 2012). However, Global Enterprise International spitefully declines altering their materials because this would cost the company a fortune and probably at the end lose the contract (Nakmwil, 2012). In addition, most of the landmines sold by the company to the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iran are not effective (Nakmwil, 2012). Those who attempted to plant the mines died in the process as they contained faulty switches. Later on, United States military realized numerous flaws characterizing these jackets, night vision rifles and armored vehicles, which it purchased from Global Enterprises International (Nakmwil, 2012). The United States justice department initiated legal investigations and the families of the deceased military members followed suit (Nakmwil, 2012). They also started forming mass actions and filing lawsui ts against the concerned company. A

Promoting the Integration of Therapeutic Touch in Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Promoting the Integration of Therapeutic Touch in Nursing Practice Essay1. Describe the patient group in the study. side speaking adults with Dx of cancer expected to be on the unit the day following the intervention, whose medical conditions did not preclude their ability to comfortably receive TT or participate in the interview, and were able to give informed consent 34 patient-participants completed the research process (16 women and 18 men), age range of 22 to 77 with an average age of 52 years2. What was their health problem? Bone marrow transplant Patients. The focus of the study? Explore the experiences of nurses and patients on an convict oncology and bone marrow transplant unit when nurses had time preserved for exclusive offering of TT. 3. Who was providing the care? Two staff nurse-interventionists who were experienced and participated in TT education, and 3 nurse-interviewers who discussed the TT intervention with patient-participants the day following TT treatment. 4. What was the setting for the care? The study was conducted in an academic medical center on a 26 bed hematology/oncology in patient unit with bone marrow transplantation program.5. What were the findings? 1) TT is a vehicle for comfort, caring, and presence that creates possibility and healing 2) TT invites a shift from disease-state focus to personhood focus that is freeing and reawakens the essence of nursing 3)TT is an intervention that illuminates the transformative power of nursing theory-research-practice.6. What were the recommendations? Having a complementary nursing strategy, such as TT, that allows nurses an additional way to offering care that facilitates comfort, assists with anxiety reduction, and enhances sleep is of major significance.7. How practical/useful is this information to a practicing nurse? I am not sure how practical TT is. First, you would have to have additional staff to allow for the time to educate seasoned nurses in TT and then to coiffe TT on the patients. You would also have to have the support of the administrative staff. However, I do believe that laying on of hands is an effective alterative tool.8. What I wonder is.. would there be a similar outcome in other specialty areas that patients have not had the opportunity to establish a trusting relationship with the nursing staff prior to TT.

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Example for Free

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship EssayTalent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships (Michael Jordan). This is a quote from one of the greatest basketball players, emphasising the importance in teamwork as a assort. It can also be used in terms of a group of people working together not in a sporting aspect. A team is not a bunch of people with transaction titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they work out most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. (Dr. R. M. Belbin). This definition is used to identify individuals positives and negatives during a project or as a group it can also be used to build a secure and trustworthy working relationship, choose and develop high-performing teams, increase self-awareness and person-to-person efficiency, and finally build understanding.Building a secure and trustworthy working r elationship is important in teamwork because it can help build individuals in the groups self-confidence and morale and guarantee support from other members in the group. It can also build hope around the team, guaranteeing members can feel confident(p) airing issues and concerns within the group. This is offered individuals a rich variety of tools and ways to manage, avoid and fix conflict to build a stronger and lasting relationships. During the lead up to the presentation, my team-mates and I had a few occasions where we disagreed about certain opinions but we did it in a respectable manner and understood the reason agreement. Majority of us who do up a group to put up a presentation on teamwork and the Eurozone play football together which automatically gave us that bond, we had the ability to vowelize concerns w no fear of getting shut down by a member of the team which is very vital as I mentioned in a higher place about teamwork.

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Example for Free

Pre-Socratic Philosophers EssayPre-Socratic is the expression commonly used to describe those classical thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who assay to find universal principles which would excuse the natural earth from its origins to mans place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term Pre-Socratic indicates non so much a chronological put, precisely rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, be earn natural philosophy was worthless when comp ard with the search for the good life. To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full receivable would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I pose decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1.Life and SourcesThe tale of write Greek philosophy starts with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fel hapless-citizen of Thales. He was the first who dargond to write a treatise in prose, which has been c eached tradition in altogethery On Nature. This book has been lost, although it probably was available in the depository library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus. It is said that Apollodorus, in the second century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appeared that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximanders name understructure be read. solo matchless fragment of the book has re let go down to us, quoted by Simplicius ( by and by Theophrastus), in the sixth century AD.It is perhaps the most famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We also k straightaway very little of Anaximanders life. He is said to entertain led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea. He also probably introduced the gnomo n (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected unmatchable in Sparta. So he seems to have been a much-traveled man, which is not astonishing, as the Milesians were cognise to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments.Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by numerous other authors, the so-called doxographers, before it was lost. Sometimes, in these texts countersigns or expressions appear that fuel with just about certainty be ascribedto Anaximander himself. relatively many testimonies, approximately one third of them, have to do with astronomical and cosmological questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz have edited the doxography (A) and the existing texts (B) of the Presocratic philosophers in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A acknowledgement like DK 12A17 means Diels/ Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17).2. The Boundless as PrincipleAccording to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the origin or principle (the Greek word arch has both meanings) of all subjects. Anaximander is said to have identified it with the Boundless or the Unlimited (Greek apeiron, that is, that which has no boundaries). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by the Boundless. More recently, authors have disputed whether the Boundless should be interpreted as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars have even defended the meaning that which is not experienced, by relating the Greek word apeiron not to peras (boundary, limit), but to perao (to experience, to apperceive).The suggestion, however, is almost irresistible that Greek philosophy, by devising the Boundless into the princip le of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, some have pointed out that this use of apeiron is atypical for Greek thought, which was occupied with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the boundless (the apeiron) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek peras), and thus apeiron with imperfection. Therefore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) influence on Anaximanders ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE)According to the surviving descents on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century BCE and died more or less 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximanders.Anaximenes is best cognise for his tenet that air is the source of all things. In this way, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff.2. Doctrine of ChangeGiven his doctrine that all things are composed of air, Anaximenes suggested an interesting qualitative report of natural changeAir differs in event in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, fleck when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when s public treasury more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then rock-and-rolls. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on later PhilosophyAnaximenes theory of successive change of matter by rarefaction and abridgement was influential in later theories. It is developed by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and criticized by Parmenides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes general theory of how the materials of the knowledge base arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter(prenominal) has a very opposite theory of matter. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes theory as providing a common-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central c oncept in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes separated them from the realm of chaste speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing.Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE c. 546 BCE)The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born(p) in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thaless philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, in that locationfore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was elicit in almost everything, investigat ing almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. Heproposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities.His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the rootage of Greek astronomy. Thales hypotheses were new and bold, and in expiration phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enligh ten-spotment. A number of anecdotes is almost connected to Thales investigations of the cosmos. When considered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4).1. The Writings of ThalesDoubts have always existed about whether Thales wrote anything, but a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attributed to Thales authorship of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, but wrote that jibe to others Thales wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox (D.L. I.23). Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinions and accounts expressed in verse (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, recorded that Thales wrote on celestial matters in desperate verse, on the equinox, and much else (DK, 11A2). Callimachus cr edited Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing.Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that Thales was the first to maintain the immortality of the understanding (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotles words from what is recorded about Thales, indicate that Aristotle was working from a scripted source. Diogenes recorded thatThales seems by some accounts to have been the first to contain astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices so Eudemus in his History of astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, moldiness be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were available to Eudemus.Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens doubly each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination that is, the seasonal movement of the Suns path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons.In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the fancy (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the longest day of the year (in summer) or the shortest day of the year (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between dawning and sun effectuate on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a big wealth of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured names. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men.Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially true of mathematics, of the dates and times determined when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and infinancial transactions. It is difficult to intrust that Thales would not have written down the informatio n he had gathitherd in his travels, particularly the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the height of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change.Proclus acknowledged Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclids Elements 65. 8-9 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Procluss source had before him the written records of Thaless discoveries. How did Thales prove his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The works On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570c.495 BCE)The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the worlds greatest persons, but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is later development. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy for a mass of legend gathered around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of mystic doctrines, and we might be tempted to regard one or other of those characters as alone historical. The truth is that there is no unavoidableness to reject either of the traditional views.The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. Originally from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious community and a scientific school. Such a organic structure was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we hear of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died.It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximanders. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its descent from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, commonlyknown still as the Pythagorean proposal (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 345 triangle, the connection is obvious.Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, just as there are three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic Games. The lowest consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. Best of all are those who simply come to look on. Men may be classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite soul, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it agrees much better with the general outlook of the Pythagoreans.The comparison of man life to a accumulation like the Games was often repeated in later days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of Rebirth or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made diversion of him for pretending to recognize the voice of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could remember what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the soul was out of the body and could perceive reality directly.There is more difficulty about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed such reverence for its founders authority as the Pythagoreans. The Master said so was their watchword. On the ot her hand, few schools have shown so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical body of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling air form the boundless mass outside it, and this air is identified with the unlimited. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the unlimited, we observe a great change.We hear nothing more of separating out or even of rarefaction and ejector seat. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to theUnlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we must try to understand it. presently the function of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how important these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the key to its meaning is to be found in them.It may be taken as certain that Pythagoras hims elf discovered the numerical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, such as the burning and the cold, the wet and the dry, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper blend of these in the human body. In a well-known passage of Platos Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be st tryoutg like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical tuning and health are alike means arising from the application of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. Briefly stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arranged in certain introduces or patterns. Zenos ParadoxesIn the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our tangible experiencethat track downners run, that arrows fly, and that there are many different things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely divisiblefor example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half that distance, and so onZeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical.In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a slower runnerfor example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles hopes to overtake it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise presently is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but thetortoise meanwhile will have craw led on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good reasoning shows that fast runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the claim that exercise really occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion.Although practically no scholars at present would agree with Zenos conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is required is an analysis of Zenos own argument that does not get us embroil in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science.This article explains his ten known paradoxes and considers the interventions that have been offered. Zeno assumed distances and durations can be divided into an actual infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible by(predicate) parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to complete. Aristotles treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only potential infinities, and that neither places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted solution until the late 19th century. The current warning treatment says Zeno was right to conclude that a runners path contains an actual infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many.This treatment employs the apparatus of calculus which has proved its indispensability for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing actual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This standard treatment took hundreds of years to perfect and was due to the flexibility of intellectuals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, contempt the damage done to common sense and our naiv e intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxesand related paradoxes such as Thomsons Lamp Paradoxthat were developed since the 1950s.Parmenides (b. 510 BCE)Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in Lower Italy, and is is the chief representative of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his exemplary life. A Parmenidean life was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonly represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, given the evident allusion to Hericlitus for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his life story than that he stopped at Athens on a journey in his sixty-fifth year, and t here became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it.Parmenides broke with the older Ionic prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the truth to him addresses him as youth. The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsuited to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenophanes poetic writings is not a complete explanation for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his rising slope to the home o f the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents into heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the indicative literature of those days.The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of Night to guide him on his journey. They pass along the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the palace of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instructs him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of Belief, in which is no truth at all. completely this is draw without inspiration and in a purely conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyp tic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from faulting (night) to truth (day), and the Two Ways must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to him.There is reason to believe that the Way of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impossible to regard it as anything else than a description of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this irrational belief is not the ordinary mans view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to be a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the trouble to expound in detail a system he had altogether rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of mortals.Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him choose the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of thought. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is thereof alike to the question, Can it be thought or not?In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his op inion truthlies in the perception that existence is, and error in the idea that non-existence also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable therefore to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is various and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concerning it can only be improbable.Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cannot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itsel f come into being for there can be no empty space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit.Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is round-the-clock and indivisible for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous indivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty space, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing.Also it is finite and spheric for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionl ess, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere names, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be.Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The matter of our bodily text-books is just the real of Parmenides and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are boot out up into his account of reality. No subsequent system could afford to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by th e early cosmologists we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE)A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balanced exchanges. The world itself consists of a uprightness-like interchange of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500428 BCE)Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his moneymaking(a) views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he spent his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a variety of subjects, he is most noted for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a portion of everything else. His observation of how nutrition works in animals led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,hair, flesh, and so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus (460370 BCE)Democritus was born at Abdera, about 46 0 BCE, although according to some 490. His father was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his return to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred talents. He is said to have visited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some part of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence.His sidekick Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever wasted h is patrimony would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave public lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make people believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their public affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude.Credit cannot be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosophers stone the dream of a later age or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates concerning Democrituss supposed madness, as based on spurious letters. Demo critus has been commonly known as The Laughing Philosopher, and it is gravely relatedby Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of the mocker. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is discredited by the writers who mention it insofar as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done well without eyes.Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of assigning a beginning of time, he argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be impenetrable and h ave a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of global atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body.Maintaining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the influence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore false perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity partl y through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus thatEpicurus borrowed the read/write head features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492432 BCE)Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a mate rialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides.Empedocles world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, Love and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Empedocles was a follower of Pythagoras, hence a worshipper in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimn, a divine or potentially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for three times boundless years for committing the sin of meat-eating and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and e lements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly magical powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.